{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:10:53Z","timestamp":1793214653180,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1038-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1593104577000},"page":"343-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy using 2018 Royal College of Ophthalmologists diagnostic criteria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Penwarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Riga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8243-x","volume":"42","author":"I Ben-Zvi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ben-Zvi I, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Shoenfeld Y. Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"1038_CR2","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2020, Hydroxychloroquine sulfate, NICE, https:\/\/bnf.nice.org.uk\/drug\/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html."},{"key":"1038_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"kez105.037","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez105.037","volume":"58","author":"FA Pearce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pearce FA, Grainge MJ, King AJ, Lanyon PC. Implementing screening for hydroxychloroquine ocular toxicity: how big is the problem? Epidemiology of hydroxychloroquine prescriptions in the UK clinical practice research datalink. Rheumatology. 2019;58:kez105.037.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"1038_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.166","volume":"32","author":"M Yates","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yates M, Malaiya R, Stack J, Galloway JB. Hydroxychloroquine use: the potential impact of new ocular screening guidelines. Eye. 2018;32:161\u20132.","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"1038_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02886.x","volume":"42","author":"C Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang C, Godfrey T, Stawell R, Nikpour M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus: emerging evidence supporting multiple beneficial effects. Intern Med J. 2012;42:968\u201378.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"1038_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068676","volume":"66","author":"GS Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n GS, McGwin G, Bertoli AM, Fessler BJ, Calvo-Al\u00e9n J, Bastian HM, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1168\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"1038_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307086503","volume":"17","author":"A Sis\u00f3","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sis\u00f3 A, Ramos-Casals M, Bov\u00e9 A, Brito-Zer\u00f3n P, Soria N, Mu\u00f1oz S, et al. Previous antimalarial therapy in patients diagnosed with lupus nephritis: influence on outcomes and survival. Lupus. 2008;17:281\u20138.","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"1038_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2014.03.007","volume":"43","author":"N Costedoat-Chalumeau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Dunogu\u00e9 B, Morel N, Le Guern V, Guettrot-Imbert G. Hydroxychloroquine: a multifaceted treatment in lupus. Presse Med. 2014;43:e167\u201380.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"1038_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203396005001051","volume":"5","author":"M Petri","year":"1996","unstructured":"Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore Lupus Cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis. Lupus. 1996;5:S16\u201322.","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"1038_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312450084","volume":"21","author":"E Cairoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cairoli E, Rebella M, Danese N, Garra V, Borba EF. Hydroxychloroquine reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal evaluation of the lipid-lowering effect. Lupus. 2012;21:1178\u201382.","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"1038_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu451","volume":"54","author":"YM Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen YM, Lin CH, Lan TH, Chen HH, Chang SN, Chen YH, et al. Hydroxychloroquine reduces risk of incident diabetes mellitus in lupus patients in a dose-dependent manner: a population-based cohort study. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2015;54:1244\u20139.","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)."},{"key":"1038_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.4.1075","volume":"37","author":"F Selzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Fitzgerald S, Tracy R, Kuller L, Manzi S. Vascular stiffness in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension. 2001;37:1075\u201382.","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"1038_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015","volume":"30","author":"JM Rolain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30:297\u2013308.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"1038_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39070","volume":"67","author":"CH Feldman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Winkelmayer WC, Marty FM, Franklin JM, Kim SC, et al. Serious infections among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1577\u201385.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"1038_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex378","volume":"57","author":"K Schreiber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schreiber K, Breen K, Parmar K, Rand JH, Wu XX, Hunt BJ. The effect of hydroxychloroquine on haemostasis, complement, inflammation and angiogenesis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Rheumatol (Oxf) 2018;57:120\u20134.","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1038_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.01.012","volume":"14","author":"A Mekinian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mekinian A, Lazzaroni MG, Kuzenko A, Alijotas-Reig J, Ruffatti A, Levy P, et al. The efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for obstetrical outcome in anti-phospholipid syndrome: data from a European multicenter retrospective study. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14:498\u2013502.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"1038_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.078","volume":"214","author":"S Sciascia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sciascia S, Hunt BJ, Talavera-Garcia E, Lliso G, Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ. The impact of hydroxychloroquine treatment on pregnancy outcome in women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:273.e1\u2013273e8.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"1038_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603359","volume":"43","author":"K Schreiber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schreiber K, Breen K, Cohen H, Jacobsen S, Middeldorp S, Pavord S, et al. HYdroxychloroquine to improve pregnancy outcome in women with antiphospholipid antibodies (HYPATIA) protocol: a multinational randomized controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine versus placebo in addition to standard treatment in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome or antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017;43:562\u201371.","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"key":"1038_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.01.016","volume":"17","author":"A Casian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casian A, Sangle SR, D\u2019Cruz DP. New use for an old treatment: Hydroxychloroquine as a potential treatment for systemic vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:660\u20134.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"1038_CR20","unstructured":"EU Clinical Trials Register: EU\/EEA: 2020: EudraCT number 2018-001268-40. Hydroxychloroquine in ANCA vasculitis evaluation - a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial; 2019. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/trial\/2018-001268-40\/GB."},{"key":"1038_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0b013e32832f4e50","volume":"20","author":"R Rahim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahim R, Strobl JS. Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and all-trans retinoic acid regulate growth, survival, and histone acetylation in breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs. 2009;20:736\u201345.","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs."},{"key":"1038_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29911","DOI":"10.4161\/mco.29911","volume":"1","author":"G Manic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manic G, Obrist F, Kroemer G, Vitale I, Galluzzi L. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for cancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol. 2014;1:e29911.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol."},{"key":"1038_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","volume":"6","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H, et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020;6:16.","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"1038_CR24","first-page":"1158","volume":"17","author":"AR Rosenthal","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rosenthal AR, Kolb H, Bergsma D, Huxsoll D, Hopkins JL. Chloroquine retinopathy in the rhesus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1978;17:1158\u201375.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"1038_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev357","volume":"55","author":"H Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding H, Denniston AK, Rao VK, Gordon C. Hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2016;55:957\u201367.","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)."},{"key":"1038_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100606.x","volume":"110","author":"S Sundelin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sundelin S, Terman A. Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. APMIS. 2002;110:481\u20139.","journal-title":"APMIS."},{"key":"1038_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459","volume":"132","author":"RB Melles","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:1453\u201360.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1038_CR28","unstructured":"Imran H. Yusuf, Barny Foot, James Galloway, Michael R. Ardern-Jones, Sarah-Lucie Watson, Cathy Yelf, et al. Royal College of Ophthalmologists Guideline Development Group - Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy: Recommendations on Screening. https:\/\/www.rcophth.ac.uk\/2018\/03\/rcophth-guideline-hydroxychloroquine-and-chloroquine-retinopathy-new-screening-recommendations-february-2018."},{"key":"1038_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","volume":"130","author":"AS Levey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:461\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1102-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000}}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-020-1038-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-020-1038-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-020-1038-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T14:48:21Z","timestamp":1721918901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-020-1038-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-020-1038-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2020","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}