{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:24:58Z","timestamp":1792689898051,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01721-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T12:28:56Z","timestamp":1628512136000},"page":"686-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The odyssey of the ocular and cerebrospinal fluids during a mission to Mars: the \u201cocular glymphatic system\u201d under pressure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Wostyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Robert","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3956-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1721_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/life4040621","volume":"4","author":"ES Nelson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelson ES, Mulugeta L, Myers JG. Microgravity-induced fluid shift and ophthalmic changes. Life. 2014;4:621\u201365.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"1721_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","volume":"118","author":"TH Mader","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, Kramer LA, Lee AG, Fogarty J, et al. Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2058\u201369.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"1721_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.2396","volume":"135","author":"AG Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee AG, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Tarver W. Space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:992\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0070-y","volume":"32","author":"AG Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee AG, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Brunstetter TJ, Tarver WJ. Space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Eye. 2018;32:1164\u20137.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1721_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31829b41a6","volume":"33","author":"TH Mader","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Pass AF, Lee AG, Killer HE, Hansen HC, et al. Optic disc edema in an astronaut after repeat long-duration space flight. J Neuroophthalmol. 2013;33:249\u201355.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR6","unstructured":"Stenger MB, Tarver WJ, Brunstetter T, Gibson CR, Laurie SS, Lee SMC, et al. NASA Human Research Program evidence report: human health countermeasures element: risk of spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). 2017."},{"key":"1721_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22290","volume":"58","author":"E Mathieu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Gupta N, Ahari A, Zhou X, Hanna J, Y\u00fccel YH. Evidence for cerebrospinal fluid entry into the optic nerve via a glymphatic pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:4784\u201391.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1721_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw3210","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw3210","volume":"12","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Lou N, Eberhardt A, Yang Y, Kusk P, Xu Q, et al. An ocular glymphatic clearance system removes \u03b2-amyloid from the rodent eye. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12:eaaw3210.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1721_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e283","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14524","volume":"99","author":"V Rangroo Thrane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rangroo Thrane V, Hynnekleiv L, Wang X, Thrane AS, Krohn J, Nedergaard M. Twists and turns of ocular glymphatic clearance \u2013 new study reveals surprising findings in glaucoma [letter]. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99:e283\u2013e284.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000467","volume":"37","author":"TH Mader","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Otto CA, Sargsyan AE, Miller NR, Subramanian PS, et al. Persistent asymmetric optic disc swelling after long-duration space flight: implications for pathogenesis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37:133\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273557","volume":"595","author":"JS Lawley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawley JS, Petersen LG, Howden EJ, Sarma S, Cornwell WK, Zhang R, et al. Effect of gravity and microgravity on intracranial pressure. J Physiol. 2017;595:2115\u201327.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1721_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl324","volume":"130","author":"HE Killer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, Huber AR, Mironov A. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between the intracranial and the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve. Is it always bidirectional?. Brain. 2007;130:514\u201320.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1721_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020142","volume":"6","author":"X Xin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xin X, Fan B, Flammer J, Miller NR, Jaggi GP, Killer HE, et al. Meningothelial cells react to elevated pressure and oxidative stress. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20142.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1721_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65798-1_44","volume":"126","author":"N Alperin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alperin N, Bagci AM. Spaceflight-induced visual impairment and globe deformations in astronauts are linked to orbital cerebrospinal fluid volume increase. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2018;126:215\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl."},{"key":"1721_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl045","volume":"129","author":"HE Killer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, Huber AR. The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition? Brain. 2006;129:1027\u201330.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"1721_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.171660","volume":"94","author":"GP Jaggi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaggi GP, Harlev M, Ziegler U, Dotan S, Miller NR, Killer HE. Cerebrospinal fluid segregation optic neuropathy: an experimental model and a hypothesis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1088\u201393.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318293498b","volume":"22","author":"HE Killer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Killer HE. Production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid with respect to the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve. J Glaucoma. 2013;22:S8\u2013S10.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"1721_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(64)80004-X","volume":"3","author":"TR Shanthaveerappa","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shanthaveerappa TR, Bourne GH. Arachnoid villi in the optic nerve of man and monkey. Exp Eye Res. 1964;3:31\u201335.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1721_CR19","first-page":"222","volume":"19","author":"HE Killer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killer HE, Laeng HR, Groscurth P. Lymphatic capillaries in the meninges of the human optic nerve. J Neuroophthalmol. 1999;19:222\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107725","volume":"186","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wostyn P. \u201cHouston, we have a problem\u201d: \u201cWe are losing our eyesight\u201d. Exp Eye Res. 2019;186:107725.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1721_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2017-0218","volume":"11","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wostyn P, De Deyn PP. Intracranial pressure-induced optic nerve sheath response as a predictive biomarker for optic disc edema in astronauts. Biomark Med. 2017;11:1003\u20138.","journal-title":"Biomark Med."},{"key":"1721_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5095.2018","volume":"89","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wostyn P, De Winne F, Stern C, De Deyn PP. Dilated prelaminar paravascular spaces as a possible mechanism for optic disc edema in astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018;89:1089\u201391.","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform."},{"key":"1721_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5670.2020","volume":"91","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wostyn P, De Winne F, Stern C, Mader TH, Gibson CR, De Deyn PP. Potential involvement of the ocular glymphatic system in optic disc edema in astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020;91:975\u20137.","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"1721_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000578","volume":"37","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Killer HE, De Deyn PP. Why a one-way ticket to Mars may result in a one-way directional glymphatic flow to the eye. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37:462\u20133.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0453-8","volume":"33","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Killer HE. The escape of retrobulbar cerebrospinal fluid in the astronaut\u2019s eye: mission impossible? Eye. 2019;33:1519\u201324.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1721_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","volume":"4","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:147ra111.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1721_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","volume":"40","author":"NA Jessen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jessen NA, Munk AS, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide. Neurochem Res. 2015;40:2583\u201399.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1721_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18190","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Zeppenfeld DM, Venkataraman A, Plog BA, Liao Y, et al. Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain. J Neurosci. 2013;33:18190\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1721_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-015-0012-z","volume":"12","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, Killer HE, De Deyn PP, De Groot V. A new glaucoma hypothesis: a role of glymphatic system dysfunction. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2015;12:16.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"1721_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20262","volume":"57","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wostyn P, De Groot V, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, De Deyn PP, Killer HE. The glymphatic system: a new player in ocular diseases? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:5426\u20137.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"1721_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12915","volume":"45","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Killer HE, De Deyn PP. Glymphatic stasis at the site of the lamina cribrosa as a potential mechanism underlying open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45:539\u201347.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5876","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24521","volume":"59","author":"E Mathieu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathieu E, Gupta N, Paczka-Giorgi LA, Zhou X, Ahari A, Lani R, et al. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid inflow to the optic nerve in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:5876\u201384.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1721_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26997","volume":"60","author":"HH Jacobsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobsen HH, Ringstad G, J\u00f8rstad \u00d8K, Moe MC, Sandell T, Eide PK. The human visual pathway communicates directly with the subarachnoid space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:2773\u201380.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1721_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.011","volume":"1635","author":"R Hou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hou R, Zhang Z, Yang D, Wang H, Chen W, Li Z, et al. Intracranial pressure (ICP) and optic nerve subarachnoid space pressure (ONSP) correlation in the optic nerve chamber: the Beijing Intracranial and Intraocular Pressure (iCOP) study. Brain Res. 2016;1635:201\u20138.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1721_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathieu E. The relationship of ocular and cerebrospinal fluids to the optic nerve in health and glaucoma [dissertation]. Canada: University of Toronto;2018.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24521"},{"key":"1721_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364100802010094","volume":"2","author":"C Albrecht May","year":"2008","unstructured":"Albrecht May C. Comparative anatomy of the optic nerve head and inner retina in non-primate animal models used for glaucoma. Open Ophthalmol J. 2008;2:94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J."},{"key":"1721_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0673","volume":"138","author":"BR Macias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Macias BR, Patel NB, Gibson CR, Samuels BC, Laurie SS, Otto C, et al. Association of long-duration spaceflight with anterior and posterior ocular structure changes in astronauts and their recovery. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138:553\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820354116","volume":"116","author":"A Van Ombergen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Ombergen A, Jillings S, Jeurissen B, Tomilovskaya E, Rumshiskaya A, Litvinova L, et al. Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:10531\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1721_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22600","volume":"58","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wostyn P, De Deyn PP. Optic nerve sheath distention as a protective mechanism against the visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome in astronauts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:4601\u20132.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1721_CR40","first-page":"1878","volume":"40","author":"DR Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts DR, Asemani D, Nietert PJ, Eckert MA, Inglesby DC, Bloomberg JJ, et al. Prolonged microgravity affects human brain structure and function. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40:1878\u201385.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1721_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6430","volume":"41","author":"P Wostyn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wostyn P, Mader TH, Gibson CR, Wuyts FL, Van Ombergen A, Zu, Eulenburg P, et al. The possible role of elastic properties of the brain and optic nerve sheath in the development of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41:E14\u2013E15.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1721_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E16","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6431","volume":"41","author":"DR Roberts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts DR, Asemani D, Nietert PJ, Eckert MA, Inglesby DC, Bloomberg JJ, et al. Reply. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41:E16.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1721_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000318","volume":"36","author":"S Bidot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bidot S, Clough L, Saindane AM, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Bruce BB. The optic canal size is associated with the severity of papilledema and poor visual function in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2016;36:120\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000205","volume":"35","author":"S Bidot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bidot S, Bruce BB, Saindane AM, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Asymmetric papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015;35:31\u201336.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105376","volume":"184","author":"Y Farrokhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrokhi Y, Sharif Kashani S, Aghsaei Fard M, Pakdel F, Yadegari S. Optic canal size in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and asymmetric papilledema. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;184:105376.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1721_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000283","volume":"35","author":"HE Killer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Killer HE. Asymmetric papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comment. J Neuroophthalmol. 2015;35:330\u20131.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1721_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000363","volume":"36","author":"TH Mader","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mader TH, Gibson CR, Hart SF, Lee AG. Asymmetric papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comment. J Neuroophthalmol. 2016;36:111\u20132.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-021-01721-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-021-01721-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-021-01721-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T04:08:53Z","timestamp":1648181333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-021-01721-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-021-01721-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Peter Wostyn is the inventor on U.S. Patent No. US 10,980,437 B2 \u201cBiomarkers for visual impairment and intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome\u201d. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}