{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:59:41Z","timestamp":1787162381778,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use multimodal imaging techniques to characterise features of retinal astrocytomas (RA) which would aid practitioners distinguish them from other causes of non-pigmented fundal lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of notes and imaging of 17 patients diagnosed with RA at a single centre between January 2012 and June 2021 was conducted. Demographics, examination findings and imaging including colour fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), infra-red (IR) and ultrasound (US) were analysed. These were compared to differential diagnoses, including retinoblastomas, amelanotic choroidal melanomas, choroidal metastases and idiopathic scleromas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen patients (82%; 14\/17) had idiopathic RA and three (18%; 3\/17) were associated with tuberous sclerosis. Mean age at presentation was 43 years. Twelve patients (71%; 12\/17) were asymptomatic. Thirteen (76%; 13\/17) had better than 6\/12 vision, with 41% (7\/17) better than 6\/6. All lesions were creamy-white. There were two distinct appearances, seven (39%; 7\/18) were poorly-defined translucent retinal elevations and eleven (61%; 11\/18) were well-defined solid opaque retinal masses. Six (33%; 6\/18) displayed clustered, calcified spherules giving them the pathognomonic \u2018mulberry-like\u2019 appearance. On OCT, all appeared as dome-shaped retinal thickening with disruption of the inner retinal layers and nine (60%; 9\/15) had intra-retinal cystic spaces giving a \u2018moth-eaten\u2019 appearance. Mean basal diameter and thickness on OCT was 2.93\u2009mm and 0.86\u2009mm, respectively. High internal reflectivity on US was noted in 92% (11\/12).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RAs display characteristic clinical, demographic and imaging features which can aid differentiating them from other non-pigmented fundal lesions. We advise using multiple imaging modalities when diagnosing these lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02275-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T07:23:39Z","timestamp":1665559419000},"page":"1019-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diagnostic imaging of retinal astrocytomas: A case-series"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri","family":"McLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8208-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumana","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Heimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2275_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2009.10.003","volume":"23","author":"JA Shields","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shields JA, Shields CL. 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