{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T02:29:53Z","timestamp":1793845793591,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visual snow syndrome is a neurological condition characterized by ongoing prominent phenomena described consistently as tiny dots moving across the entire visual field, often associated with complex visual symptoms. These can take the form of afterimages, entoptic phenomena, nyctalopia and light sensitivity. Although some of these symptoms can be benign, they can nonetheless become significantly impactful for many who experience them, particularly in cases that have a sudden and abrupt start. As visual snow syndrome becomes increasingly recognized in clinical practice we begin to learn about its typical presentation and underlying pathophysiology. Treatment of visual snow, however, still proves quite challenging, and efforts need to be focused on unravelling the biological mechanisms of the syndrome. This endeavour has characterized the most recent research on visual snow, mostly involving neuroimaging, neurophysiological and neurobehavioral studies aimed at understanding its underlying neural signature. Another important aspect of the syndrome, which will likely prove critical in deepening our understanding of visual snow, is represented by the intricate biological and historical connexion with migraine. This narrative review focused on visual snow syndrome will explore its clinical, pathophysiological and treatment aspects in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02435-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T09:04:57Z","timestamp":1676365497000},"page":"2374-2378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Visual snow syndrome and migraine: a review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa Martins","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Puledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu050","volume":"137","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Digre KB, Goadsby PJ. \u2018Visual snow\u2019 - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain: J Neurol. 2014;137:1419\u201328.","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000523","volume":"31","author":"F Puledda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puledda F, Schankin C, Digre K, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow syndrome: what we know so far. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018;31:52\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38:1\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"2435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14436","volume":"27","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Puledda F, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow syndrome: is it normal or a disorder - and what to do with patients? Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:2393\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14150","volume":"27","author":"D Kondziella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kondziella D, Olsen MH, Dreier JP. Prevalence of visual snow syndrome in the UK. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:764\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","volume":"18","author":"GBDN Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDN. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:459\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008909","volume":"94","author":"F Puledda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puledda F, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow syndrome. A clinical and phenotypical description of 1100 cases. Neurology. 2020;94:e564\u2013e74.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007825","volume":"93","author":"RM van Dongen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Dongen RM, Waaijer LC, Onderwater GLJ, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM. Treatment effects and comorbid diseases in 58 patients with visual snow. Neurology. 2019;93:e398\u2013403.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14369","volume":"27","author":"M Viana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viana M, Puledda F, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow syndrome: a comparison between an Italian and British population. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:2099\u2013101.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318653","volume":"106","author":"F Puledda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Puledda F, Vandenbussche N, Moreno-Ajona D, Eren O, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. Evaluation of treatment response and symptom progression in 400 patients with visual snow syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106:1318\u201324.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac230","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac230","volume":"4","author":"M Graber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Graber M, Scutelnic A, Klein A, Puledda F, Goadsby PJ, Schankin CJ. Natural course of visual snow syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Brain Commun. 2022;4:fcac230.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102421996355","volume":"41","author":"DG Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta DG, Garza I, Robertson CE. Two hundred and forty-eight cases of visual snow: a review of potential inciting events and contributing comorbidities. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 2021;41:1015\u201326.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4050","volume":"77","author":"J Hodak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hodak J, Fischer U, Bassetti CLA, Schankin CJ. Episodic visual snow associated with migraine attacks. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:392\u20133.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811490","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.811490","volume":"13","author":"F Puledda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Puledda F, Villar-Mart\u00ednez MD, Goadsby PJ. Case report: transformation of visual snow syndrome from episodic to chronic associated with acute cerebellar infarct. Front Neurol. 2022;13:811490.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020252","volume":"13","author":"E Barral","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barral E, Martins Silva E, Garc\u00eda-Azor\u00edn D, Viana M, Puledda F. Differential diagnosis of visual phenomena associated with migraine: spotlight on aura and visual snow syndrome. Diagnostics. 2023;13:252.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2014.06.003","volume":"60","author":"D Gersztenkorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gersztenkorn D, Lee AG. Palinopsia revamped: a systematic review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60:1\u201335.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0854-2","volume":"18","author":"AI Metzler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metzler AI, Robertson CE. Visual snow syndrome: proposed criteria, clinical implications, and pathophysiology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18:52.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2435_CR18","first-page":"6668552","volume":"2021","author":"KK Braceros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braceros KK, Asahi MG, Gallemore RP. Visual snow-like symptoms and posterior uveitis following COVID-19 infection. Case Rep. Ophthalmol Med. 2021;2021:6668552.","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"2435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.03.023","volume":"64","author":"BS Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen BS, Lance S, Lallu B, Anderson NE. Visual snow: not so benign. J Clin Neurosci: Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas. 2019;64:37\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci: Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas"},{"key":"2435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420985444","volume":"41","author":"T Catarci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Catarci T. Occipital ischaemic stroke after visual snow phenomenon - a case report. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 2021;41:871\u20134.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.4.646","volume":"16","author":"YJ Yoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoo YJ, Yang HK, Choi JY, Kim JS, Hwang JM. Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in visual snow syndrome. J Clin Neurol. 2020;16:646\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743608","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.743608","volume":"12","author":"MS Vaphiades","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vaphiades MS, Grondines B, Cooper K, Gratton S, Doyle J. Diagnostic evaluation of visual snow. Front Neurol. 2021;12:743608.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000702","volume":"38","author":"OB White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White OB, Clough M, McKendrick AM, Fielding J. Visual snow: visual misperception. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38:514\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e592","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000592","volume":"6","author":"AL Piquet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piquet AL, Khan M, Warner JEA, Wicklund MP, Bennett JL, Leehey MA, et al. Novel clinical features of glycine receptor antibody syndrome: a series of 17 cases. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6:e592.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001675","volume":"42","author":"CE Fraser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fraser CE, Vaphiades MS, Van Stavern GP, Lee AG. Should visual snow and visual snow syndrome be evaluated outside of standard in-clinic ophthalmologic testing? J Neuroophthalmol. 2022;42:384\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009","volume":"40","author":"HD Abraham","year":"1983","unstructured":"Abraham HD. Visual phenomenology of the LSD flashback. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:884\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14914","volume":"28","author":"RM van Dongen","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Dongen RM, Alderliefste GJ, Onderwater GLJ, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM. Migraine prevalence in visual snow with prior illicit drug use (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder) versus without. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28:2631\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8030047","volume":"8","author":"G Martinotti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martinotti G, Santacroce R, Pettorruso M, Montemitro C, Spano MC, Lorusso M, et al. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: etiology, clinical features, and therapeutic perspectives. Brain Sci. 2018;8:47.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2435_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703006","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.703006","volume":"12","author":"EJ Solly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solly EJ, Clough M, Foletta P, White OB, Fielding J. The psychiatric symptomology of visual snow syndrome. Front Neurol. 2021;12:703006.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12628","volume":"55","author":"I Unal-Cevik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal-Cevik I, Yildiz FG. Visual snow in migraine with aura: further characterization by brain imaging, electrophysiology, and treatment - case report. Headache. 2015;55:1436\u201341.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000535","volume":"26","author":"A Naguy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naguy A, Al-Enezi N. Lamotrigine uses in psychiatric practice. Am J Ther. 2019;26:e96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2435_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.12.001","volume":"28","author":"JL Lauschke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lauschke JL, Plant GT, Fraser CL. Visual snow: a thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway? J Clin Neurosci: Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas. 2016;28:123\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci: Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas"},{"key":"2435_CR34","first-page":"395","volume":"121","author":"V Grey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grey V, Klobusiakova P, Minks E. Can repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex ameliorate the state of patients with visual snow? Bratisl Lek Listy. 2020;121:395\u20139.","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"2435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.664","volume":"45","author":"GT Liu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liu GT, Schatz NJ, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Skobieranda F, Kosmorsky GS. Persistent positive visual phenomena in migraine. Neurology. 1995;45:664\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12378","volume":"54","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Chou DE, Eller M, Goadsby PJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and \u201cvisual snow\u201d. Headache. 2014;54:957\u201366.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01325","volume":"10","author":"F Puledda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puledda F, Ffytche DH, O\u2019Daly O, Goadsby PJ. Imaging the visual network in the migraine spectrum. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1325.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1997.3708492.x","volume":"37","author":"A Main","year":"1997","unstructured":"Main A, Dowson A, Gross M. Photophobia and phonophobia in migraineurs between attacks. Headache. 1997;37:492\u20135.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419896780","volume":"40","author":"O Eren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eren O, Ruscheweyh R, Straube A, Schankin CJ. Quantification of photophobia in visual snow syndrome: a case-control study. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 2019;40:393\u20138.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418784750","volume":"39","author":"R Noseda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noseda R, Copenhagen D, Burstein R. Current understanding of photophobia, visual networks and headaches. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 2019;39:1623\u201334.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11080-4","volume":"269","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang S, Qiu T, Xiao Z. Photophobia in headache disorders: characteristics and potential mechanisms. J Neurol. 2022;269:4055\u201367.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182074a57","volume":"76","author":"M Denuelle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denuelle M, Boulloche N, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Geraud G. A PET study of photophobia during spontaneous migraine attacks. Neurology. 2011;76:213\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa053","volume":"143","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Chou DE, Eller M, Sprenger T, Goadsby PJ. Structural and functional footprint of visual snow syndrome. Brain: J Neurol. 2020;143:1106\u201313.","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50986","volume":"7","author":"F Puledda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puledda F, Ffytche D, Lythgoe DJ, O\u2019Daly O, Schankin C, Williams SCR, et al. Insular and occipital changes in visual snow syndrome: a BOLD fMRI and MRS study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7:296\u2013306.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1992.1204221.x","volume":"12","author":"BK Rasmussen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rasmussen BK, Olesen J. Migraine with aura and migraine without aura: an epidemiological study. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 1992;12:221\u20138.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582031","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.582031","volume":"14","author":"N Aldusary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aldusary N, Traber GL, Freund P, Fierz FC, Weber KP, Baeshen A, et al. Abnormal connectivity and brain structure in patients with visual snow. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:582031.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420950454","volume":"40","author":"M Shibata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shibata M, Tsutsumi K, Iwabuchi Y, Kameyama M, Takizawa T, Nakahara T, et al. [(123)I]-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in visual snow syndrome: a case series. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache. 2020;40:1671\u20135.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia: Int J Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25343","volume":"42","author":"F Puledda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puledda F, O\u2019Daly O, Schankin C, Ffytche D, Williams SC, Goadsby PJ. Disrupted connectivity within visual, attentional and salience networks in the visual snow syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:2032\u201344.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325881","volume":"92","author":"F Puledda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puledda F, Schankin CJ, O\u2019Daly O, Ffytche D, Eren O, Karsan N, et al. Localised increase in regional cerebral perfusion in patients with visual snow syndrome: a pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92:918\u201326.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2435_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010530","volume":"95","author":"F Puledda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puledda F, Bruchhage M, O\u2019Daly O, Ffytche D, Williams SCR, Goadsby PJ. Occipital cortex and cerebellum gray matter changes in visual snow syndrome. Neurology. 2020;95:e1792\u2013e9.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14903","volume":"28","author":"F Latini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Latini F, Fahlstr\u00f6m M, Marklund N, Feresiadou A. White matter abnormalities in a patient with visual snow syndrome: new evidence from a diffusion tensor imaging study. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28:2789\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723805","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.723805","volume":"12","author":"L Michels","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michels L, St\u00e4mpfli P, Aldusary N, Piccirelli M, Freund P, Weber KP, et al. Widespread white matter alterations in patients with visual snow syndrome. Front Neurol. 2021;12:723805.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13494","volume":"59","author":"FG Yildiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yildiz FG, Turkyilmaz U, Unal-Cevik I. The clinical characteristics and neurophysiological assessments of the occipital cortex in visual snow syndrome with or without migraine. Headache. 2019;59:484\u201394.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2435_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658857","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.658857","volume":"12","author":"OE Eren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eren OE, Ruscheweyh R, Rauschel V, Eggert T, Schankin CJ, Straube A. Magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy is not reduced in visual snow syndrome. Front Neurol. 2021;12:658857.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25372","volume":"84","author":"O Eren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eren O, Rauschel V, Ruscheweyh R, Straube A, Schankin CJ. Evidence of dysfunction in the visual association cortex in visual snow syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2018;84:946\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003784","volume":"88","author":"AM McKendrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKendrick AM, Chan YM, Tien M, Millist L, Clough M, Mack H, et al. Behavioral measures of cortical hyperexcitability assessed in people who experience visual snow. Neurology. 2017;88:1243\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2435_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab383","volume":"145","author":"CJ Brooks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brooks CJ, Chan YM, Fielding J, White OB, Badcock DR, McKendrick AM. Visual contrast perception in visual snow syndrome reveals abnormal neural gain but not neural noise. Brain. 2022;145:1486\u201398.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2435_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738599","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.738599","volume":"12","author":"PJ Foletta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foletta PJ, Clough M, McKendrick AM, Solly EJ, White OB, Fielding J. Delayed onset of inhibition of return in visual snow syndrome. Front Neurol. 2021;12:738599.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2435_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14213","volume":"61","author":"A Klein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein A, Schankin CJ. Visual snow syndrome, the spectrum of perceptual disorders, and migraine as a common risk factor: a narrative review. Headache. 2021;61:1306\u201313.","journal-title":"Headache"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02435-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02435-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02435-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:08:46Z","timestamp":1690974526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02435-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-023-02435-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}