{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:42:14Z","timestamp":1790710934533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of New South Wales Ageing Futures Institute seed grants 2020."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aim to quantify the co-existence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cognitive impairment or dementia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched (to June 2020). Observational studies reporting incidence or prevalence of AMD, glaucoma, or DR in people with cognitive impairment or dementia, and of cognitive impairment or dementia among people with AMD, glaucoma, or DR were included.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty-six studies (57 reports) were included but marked by heterogeneities in the diagnostic criteria or definitions of the diseases, study design, and case mix. Few studies reported on the incidence. Evidence was sparse but consistent in individuals with mild cognitive impairment where 7.7% glaucoma prevalence was observed. Prevalence of AMD and DR among people with cognitive impairment ranged from 3.9% to 9.4% and from 11.4% to 70.1%, respectively. Prevalence of AMD and glaucoma among people with dementia ranged from 1.4 to 53% and from 0.2% to 25.9%, respectively. Prevalence of DR among people with dementia was 11%. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with AMD, glaucoma, and DR ranged from 8.4% to 52.4%, 12.3% to 90.2%, and 3.9% to 77.8%, respectively, and prevalence of dementia in people with AMD, glaucoma and DR ranged from 9.9% to 62.6%, 2.5% to 3.3% and was 12.5%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Frequency of comorbid eye disease and cognitive impairment or dementia varied considerably. While more population-based estimations of the co-existence are needed, interdisciplinary collaboration might be helpful in the management of these conditions to meet healthcare needs of an ageing population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PROSPERO registration: CRD42020189484.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02481-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:51:48Z","timestamp":1679860308000},"page":"3128-3136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Frequency of coexistent eye diseases and cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Phu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Htein Linn","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Hesam-Shariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Keay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig S.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaarin J.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2481_CR1","unstructured":"Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017\u20132025. World Health Organization, 2017."},{"key":"2481_CR2","unstructured":"World Alzheimer report 2015, the global impact of dementia, an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.alzint.org\/u\/WorldAlzheimerReport2015.pdf."},{"key":"2481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.09.001","volume":"6","author":"PJ Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin PJ, Kaufer DI, Maciejewski ML, Ganguly R, Paul JE, Biddle AK. An examination of Alzheimer\u2019s disease case definitions using medicare claims and survey data. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6:334\u201341.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.01.002","volume":"8","author":"A Ward","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ward A, Arrighi HM, Michels S, Cedarbaum JM. Mild cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:14\u201321.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.01.003","volume":"10","author":"CY Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos CY, Johnson LN, Sinoff SE, Festa EK, Heindel WC, Snyder PJ. Change in retinal structural anatomy during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2018;10:196\u2013209.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.009","volume":"126","author":"VTT Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan VTT, Sun Z, Tang S, Chen LJ, Wong A, Tham CC, et al. Spectral-domain OCT measurements in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:497\u2013510.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000033093.16450.5C","volume":"59","author":"VI Kwa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwa VI, van der Sande JJ, Stam J, Tijmes N, Vrooland JL. Retinal arterial changes correlate with cerebral small-vessel disease. Neurology. 2002;59:1536\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.01.004","volume":"1","author":"GT Feke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feke GT, Hyman BT, Stern RA, Pasquale LR. Retinal blood flow in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015;1:144\u201351.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.06.009","volume":"10","author":"CYL Cheung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheung CYL, Ong YT, Ikram MK, Ong SY, Li X, Hilal S, et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2014;10:135\u201342.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"2481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1158","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005205","volume":"90","author":"JA Deal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deal JA, Richey Sharrett A, Rawlings AM, Gottesman RF, Bandeen-Roche K, Albert M, et al. Retinal signs and 20-year cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurology. 2018;90:e1158\u2013e66.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","volume":"35","author":"JWY Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yau JWY, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:556\u201364.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","volume":"121","author":"YC Tham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2081\u201390.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2:e106\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.02.004","volume":"30","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui K. Parallel findings in age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011;30:217\u201338.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2481_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.11.010","volume":"96","author":"R Crosby-Nwaobi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crosby-Nwaobi R, Sivaprasad S, Forbes A. A systematic review of the association of diabetic retinopathy and cognitive impairment in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96:101\u201310.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182934af6","volume":"22","author":"JA Ghiso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghiso JA, Doudevski I, Ritch R, Rostagno AA. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and glaucoma: mechanistic similarities and differences. J Glaucoma. 2013;22:S36\u20138.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703707104","volume":"104","author":"L Guo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guo L, Salt TE, Luong V, Wood N, Cheung W, Maass A, et al. Targeting amyloid-beta in glaucoma treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:13444\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.06.040","volume":"77","author":"YH Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu YH, Tian T. Hypothesis of optineurin as a new common risk factor in normal-tension glaucoma and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Med Hypotheses. 2011;77:591\u20132.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00214","volume":"9","author":"AI Ramirez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramirez AI, de Hoz R, Salobrar-Garcia E, Salazar JJ, Rojas B, Ajoy D, et al. The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson, and glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:214.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0093-1","volume":"20","author":"J Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan J, Amin P, Ofengeim D. Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:19\u201333.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12234","volume":"6","author":"T Kawamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawamura T, Umemura T, Hotta N. Curious relationship between cognitive impairment and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig. 2015;6:21\u20133.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"2481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorska-Ciebiada M, Saryusz-Wolska M, Ciebiada M, Loba J. Mild cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms in elderly patients with diabetes: prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. J Diabetes Res. 2014:179648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/179648.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/179648"},{"key":"2481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9739-0","volume":"31","author":"M Gorska-Ciebiada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorska-Ciebiada M, Saryusz-Wolska M, Borkowska A, Ciebiada M, Loba J. Adiponectin, leptin and IL-1 beta in elderly diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31:257\u201366.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0894-7","volume":"51","author":"DG Bruce","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bruce DG, Davis WA, Casey GP, Starkstein SE, Clarnette RM, Foster JK, et al. Predictors of cognitive impairment and dementia in older people with diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51:241\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"2481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0b013e3182a4d1d5","volume":"3","author":"RP Finger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finger RP, Fenwick E, Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Wong TY, Lamoureux EL. Near vision impairment is associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. Asia Pac. J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2014;3:17\u201322.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"2481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100016590","volume":"41","author":"AA Pelletier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pelletier AA, Theoret ME, Boutin T, Kergoat MJ, Massoud F, Latour J, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in hospitalized older adults with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2014;41:206\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.12.113","volume":"8","author":"SS Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia SS, Xia WL, Huang JJ, Zou HJ, Tao J, Yang Y. The factors contributing to cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:104.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"key":"2481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2014.10.006","volume":"6","author":"C Verny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verny C, Doucet J, Bauduceau B, Constans T, Mondon K, Le Floch JP, et al. Prevalence of cognitive decline and associated factors in elderly type 2 diabetic patients at inclusion in the GERODIAB cohort. Eur Geriatr Med. 2015;6:36\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000047976","volume":"47","author":"AU Bayer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bayer AU, Ferrari F, Erb C. High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol. 2002;47:165\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0006-2","volume":"15","author":"F Tsolaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsolaki F, Kountouras J, Topouzis F, Tsolaki M. Helicobacter pylori infection, dementia and primary open-angle glaucoma: are they connected? BMC Ophthalmol. 2015;15:24.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00309","volume":"6","author":"A Mandas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mandas A, Mereu RM, Catte O, Saba A, Serchisu L, Costaggiu D, et al. Cognitive impairment and age-related vision disorders: their possible relationship and the evaluation of the use of aspirin and statins in a 65 years-and-over Sardinian population. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:309.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.009","volume":"246","author":"H Tamura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tamura H, Kawakami H, Kanamoto T, Kato T, Yokoyama T, Sasaki K, et al. High frequency of open-angle glaucoma in Japanese patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2006;246:79\u201383.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.039","volume":"106","author":"H Sanke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanke H, Mita T, Yoshii H, Yokota A, Yamashiro K, Ingaki N, et al. Relationship between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;106:465\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2481_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.032.02.08","volume":"32","author":"LR Blanquisco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blanquisco LR, Abejero JE, Buno B, Trajano-Acampado L, Cenina A, Santiago D. Factors associated with mild cognitive impairment among elderly Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2017;32:145\u201350.","journal-title":"J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2481_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10460","volume":"54","author":"S-Y Ong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ong S-Y, Ikram MK, Haaland BA, Cheng C-Y, Saw S-M, Wong TY, et al. Myopia and cognitive dysfunction: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:799.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45055-9","volume":"9","author":"M Marqui\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marqui\u00e9 M, Castilla-Mart\u00ed M, Valero S, Mart\u00ednez J, S\u00e1nchez D, Hern\u00e1ndez I, et al. Visual impairment in aging and cognitive decline: experience in a Memory Clinic. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8698.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120003","volume":"10","author":"SD Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung SD, Lee CZ, Kao LT, Lin HC, Tsai MC, Sheu JJ. Association between neovascular age-related macular degeneration and dementia: a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120003.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.120","volume":"29","author":"SD Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung SD, Ho JD, Chen CH, Lin HC, Tsai MC, Sheu JJ. Dementia is associated with open-angle glaucoma: a population-based study. Eye. 2015;29:1340\u20136.","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"2481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000801","volume":"29","author":"SW Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai SW, Lin CL, Liao KF. Glaucoma may be a non-memory manifestation of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in older people. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017;29:1535\u201341.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5696","volume":"132","author":"TDL Keenan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keenan TDL, Goldacre R, Goldacre MJ. Associations between age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer disease, and dementia: record linkage study of hospital admissions. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:63\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140243","volume":"42","author":"MA Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams MA, Silvestri V, Craig D, Passmore AP, Silvestri G. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42:909\u201314.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2481_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305863","volume":"99","author":"TD Keenan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keenan TD, Goldacre R, Goldacre MJ. Associations between primary open angle glaucoma, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia: record linkage study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:524\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147160","volume":"11","author":"VV Naidu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naidu VV, Ismail K, Amiel S, Kohli R, Crosby-Nwaobi R, Sivaprasad S, et al. Associations between retinal markers of microvascular disease and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case control study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0147160.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2481_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.209","volume":"36","author":"V Chandra","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chandra V, Bharucha NE, Schoenberg BS. Conditions associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease at death: case-control study. Neurology. 1986;36:209\u201311.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2481_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223199","volume":"14","author":"GJ Smilnak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smilnak GJ, Deans JR, Doraiswamy PM, Stinnett S, Whitson HE, Lad EM. Comorbidity of age-related macular degeneration with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a histopathologic case-control study. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0223199.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2481_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalowsky B, Hoffmann W, Kostev K Association between hearing and vision impairment and risk of dementia: results of a case-control study based on secondary data. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00363"},{"key":"2481_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000094984","volume":"52","author":"TQ Pham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pham TQ, Kifley A, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Relation of age-related macular degeneration and cognitive impairment in an older population. Gerontology. 2006;52:353\u20138.","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"2481_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15370","volume":"56","author":"H Harrabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harrabi H, Kergoat MJ, Rousseau J, Boisjoly H, Schmaltz H, Moghadaszadeh S, et al. Age-related eye disease and cognitive function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1217\u201321.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S249126","volume":"13","author":"ZW Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu ZW, Liu R, Li X, Wang Y, Fu YH, Li HY, et al. High serum neuron-specific enolase level is associated with mild cognitive impairment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:1359\u201365.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2481_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31802b3527","volume":"16","author":"LV Kessing","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kessing LV, Lopez AG, Andersen PK, Kessing SV. No increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease in patients with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2007;16:47\u201351.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2481_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02125.x","volume":"90","author":"D Bach-Holm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bach-Holm D, Kessing SV, Mogensen U, Forman JL, Andersen PK, Kessing LV. Normal tension glaucoma and Alzheimer disease: comorbidity? Acta Opthalmologica. 2012;90:683\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Opthalmologica"},{"key":"2481_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07714-7","volume":"7","author":"M Honjo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Honjo M, Numaga J, Hara T, Asaoka R. The association between structure-function relationships and cognitive impairment in elderly glaucoma patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7095.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2481_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001269","volume":"28","author":"P Raman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raman P, Khy Ching Y, Sivagurunathan PD, Ramli N, Mohd Khalid KH. The association between visual field reliability indices and cognitive impairment in glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma. 2019;28:685\u201390.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2481_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010105","volume":"150","author":"CC Klaver","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klaver CC, Ott A, Hofman A, Assink JJ, Breteler MM, de Jong PT. Is age-related maculopathy associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:963\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2481_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1395-3907.2004.00297.x","volume":"82","author":"JS Ritland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ritland JS, Egge K, Lydersen S, Juul R, Semb SO. Exfoliative glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma: associations with death causes and comorbidity. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004;82:401\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"2481_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.152","volume":"130","author":"SY Ong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ong SY, Cheung CY, Li X, Lamoureux EL, Ikram MK, Ding J, et al. Visual impairment, age-related eye diseases, and cognitive function: the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:895\u2013900.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312807","volume":"103","author":"P Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta P, Gan ATL, Man REK, Fenwick EK, Sabanayagam C, Mitchell P, et al. Association between diabetic retinopathy and incident cognitive impairment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103:1605\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.026","volume":"119","author":"SJ Woo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woo SJ, Park KH, Ahn J, Choe JY, Jeong H, Han JW, et al. Cognitive impairment in age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2094\u2013101.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2481_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29557-6","volume":"8","author":"JY Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon JY, Kim HJ, Park YH, Park TK, Park EC, Kim CY, et al. Association between open-angle glaucoma and the risks of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases in South Korea: a 10-year nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11161.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2481_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.11.001","volume":"210","author":"S Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi S, Jahng WJ, Park SM, Jee D. Association of age-related macular degeneration on Alzheimer or Parkinson Disease: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;210:41\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.003","volume":"117","author":"HC Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin HC, Chien CW, Hu CC, Ho JD. Comparison of comorbid conditions between open-angle glaucoma patients and a control cohort: a case-control study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:2088\u201395.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2481_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938","volume":"9","author":"IC Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin IC, Wang YH, Wang TJ, Wang IJ, Shen YD, Chi NF, et al. Glaucoma, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease: an 8-year population-based follow-up study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e108938.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2481_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.033","volume":"122","author":"DC Tsai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsai DC, Chen SJ, Huang CC, Yuan MK, Leu HB. Age-related macular degeneration and risk of degenerative dementia among the elderly in Taiwan a population-based cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:2327\u201335.e2.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"2481_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2833","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002833","volume":"95","author":"CW Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su CW, Lin CC, Kao CH, Chen HY. Association between glaucoma and the risk of dementia. Medicine. 2016;95:e2833.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"2481_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1322570","volume":"33","author":"SW Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai SW, Lin CL, Liao KF. Glaucoma correlates with increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the elderly: a national-based cohort study in Taiwan. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:1511\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2481_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022987","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022987","volume":"8","author":"YY Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen YY, Lai YJ, Yen YF, Shen YC, Wang CY, Liang CY, et al. Association between normal tension glaucoma and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e022987.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2481_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024209","volume":"9","author":"H-Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen H-Y, Lin C-L. Comparison of medical comorbidity between patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma and a control cohort: a population-based study from Taiwan. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024209.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2481_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072426","volume":"17","author":"FH Kuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuo FH, Chung JF, Hsu MY, Lee CY, Huang JY, Hsieh MJ, et al. Impact of the severities of glaucoma on the incidence of subsequent dementia: a population-based cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2426.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2481_CR70","first-page":"3025","volume":"18","author":"E Dag","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dag E, Ornek N, Ornek K, Gunay F, Turkel Y. Mini mental state exam versus Montreal cognitive assessment in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:3025\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1406-135","volume":"45","author":"D Seden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seden D, Alime G, Kadir D, Serpil D, Levent T, Ozlem T. Is Alzheimer disease related to age-related macular degeneration? Turkish J Med Sci. 2015;45:1115\u201321.","journal-title":"Turkish J Med Sci"},{"key":"2481_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.163274","volume":"18","author":"T Ogurel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogurel T, O\u011furel R, \u00d6zer M, T\u00fcrkel Y, Da\u011f E, \u00d6rnek K. Mini-mental state exam versus montreal cognitive assessment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18:786.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2481_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2141","volume":"36","author":"RR Crosby-Nwaobi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crosby-Nwaobi RR, Sivaprasad S, Amiel S, Forbes A. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and cognitive impairment. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3177\u201386.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2481_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.30","volume":"127","author":"ML Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker ML, Wang JJ, Rogers S, Klein R, Kuller LH, Larsen EK, et al. Early age-related macular degeneration, cognitive function, and dementia: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:667\u201373.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325233","volume":"23","author":"HE Whitson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whitson HE, Ansah D, Sanders LL, Whitaker D, Potter GG, Cousins SW, et al. Comorbid cognitive impairment and functional trajectories in low vision rehabilitation for macular disease. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011;23:343\u201350.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2481_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.649228","volume":"19","author":"Y Ou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ou Y, Grossman DS, Lee PP, Sloan FA. Glaucoma, Alzheimer disease and other dementia: a longitudinal analysis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19:285\u201392.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2481_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132570","volume":"42","author":"LG Exalto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Exalto LG, Biessels GJ, Karter AJ, Huang ES, Quesenberry CP Jr., Whitmer RA. Severe diabetic retinal disease and dementia risk in type 2 diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42:S109\u201317.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2481_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000230","volume":"32","author":"LG Rodill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodill LG, Exalto LG, Gilsanz P, Biessels GJ, Quesenberry CP Jr., Whitmer RA. Diabetic retinopathy and dementia in type 1 diabetes. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2018;32:125\u201330.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"2481_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200111","volume":"76","author":"EJ Schwaber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwaber EJ, Thompson AC, Smilnak G, Stinnett SS, Whitson HE, Lad EM. Co-prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and age-related macular degeneration established by histopathologic diagnosis. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis: JAD. 2020;76:207\u201315.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis: JAD"},{"key":"2481_CR80","unstructured":"AIHW 2005. Vision problems among older Australianss. Bulletin no. 27. AIHW cat. No. AUS 60 Canberra: AIHW. Available from: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/eye-health\/vision-problems-in-older-australians\/summary."},{"key":"2481_CR81","unstructured":"AIHW. Dementia in Australia 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/dementia\/dementia-in-aus\/contents\/summary."},{"key":"2481_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi277","volume":"35","author":"M-JA Brion","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brion M-JA. Essential Epidemiology: an Introduction for students and health professionals. Penny Webb, Chris Bain, Sandy Pirozzo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. \u00a324.99. ISBN 0521546613. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:503\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2481_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.03907.x","volume":"60","author":"CT Thorpe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thorpe CT, Thorpe JM, Kind AJH, Bartels CM, Everett CM, Smith MA. Receipt of monitoring of diabetes mellitus in older adults with comorbid dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:644\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2481_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210250","volume":"83","author":"E Ku\u017ama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ku\u017ama E, Littlejohns TJ, Khawaja AP, Llewellyn DJ, Ukoumunne OC, Thiem U. Visual impairment, eye diseases, and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;83:1073\u201387.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2481_CR85","first-page":"1777","volume":"103","author":"SS Rong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rong SS, Lee BY, Kuk AK, Yu XT, Li SS, Li J, et al. Comorbidity of dementia and age-related macular degeneration calls for clinical awareness: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103:1777\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2481_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00449-3","volume":"55","author":"A Busse","year":"2002","unstructured":"Busse A, Sonntag A, Bischkopf J, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC. Adaptation of dementia screening for vision-impaired older persons administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:909\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2481_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1010400606","volume":"104","author":"W Wittich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wittich W, Phillips N, Nasreddine ZS, Chertkow H. Sensitivity and specificity of the montreal cognitive assessment modified for individuals who are visually impaired. J Visual Impair Blindness. 2010;104:360\u20138.","journal-title":"J Visual Impair Blindness"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02481-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02481-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02481-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T14:05:43Z","timestamp":1696946743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-023-02481-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-023-02481-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}