{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:36:53Z","timestamp":1793637413452,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to update estimates of global vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye diseases from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from &lt;6\/18 to 3\/60) and blindness (\u2009&lt;\u20093\/60) caused by AMD, stratified by age, region, and year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2020, 1.85 million (95%UI: 1.35 to 2.43 million) people were estimated to be blind due to AMD, and another 6.23 million (95%UI: 5.04 to 7.58) with MSVI globally. High-income countries had the highest number of individuals with AMD-related blindness (0.60 million people; 0.46 to 0.77). The crude prevalence of AMD-related blindness in 2020 (among those aged \u2265 50 years) was 0.10% (0.07 to 0.12) globally, and the region with the highest prevalence of AMD-related blindness was North Africa\/Middle East (0.22%; 0.16 to 0.30). Age-standardized prevalence (using the GBD 2019 data) of AMD-related MSVI in people aged \u2265 50 years in 2020 was 0.34% (0.27 to 0.41) globally, and the region with the highest prevalence of AMD-related MSVI was also North Africa\/Middle East (0.55%; 0.44 to 0.68). From 2000 to 2020, the estimated crude prevalence of AMD-related blindness decreased globally by 19.29%, while the prevalence of MSVI increased by 10.08%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated increase in the number of individuals with AMD-related blindness and MSVI globally urges the creation of novel treatment modalities and the expansion of rehabilitation services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03050-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T11:03:18Z","timestamp":1720090998000},"page":"2070-2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"38","author":[{"name":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jost B.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Tapply","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Cicinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Arrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Leveziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Resnikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabassom","family":"Sedighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Flaxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Battaglia Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukkharram M.","family":"Bikbov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasanee","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Bron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monte A.","family":"Del Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gus","family":"Gazzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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Chan School of Public Health; grants or contracts from National Institutes of Health (NIH), Wellcome, German National Science Foundation, German Ministry of Education and Research, Volkswagen Foundation, European Union Horizon Europe, German Ministry of the Environment, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Else-Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Foundation, International Vaccine Institute for grants to Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Germany; stock or stock options in EUR 5000 ownership stake in a consultancy on climate change and health research; all outside the submitted work. R Bai reports support for the present manuscript from Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GLD008) N Bayleyegn reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with project HIPPO and GECKO as a hospital lead as well as Ethiopia as a member of a surgical society. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant 2023-25 and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from Fight for Sight\/Royal College of Ophthalmologists for Zakarian Award (RCOZAK2202). X Dai reports support for the present manuscript from IHME\/UW for paid salary. A Dastiridou support for attending meetings and\/or travel from THEA and ABBVIE. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Roche and Novartis as a scientific consultant; support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, and Sanofi; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with MSBase collaboration scientific leadership group as a member. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and Lions Club International Foundation. S Hallaj reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health Bridge to Artificial Intelligence common fund, grant # OT2OD032644. I M Karaye support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Hofstra University and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. K Krishan reports other support from Kewal Krishan acknowledges non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. T Laksono reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel outside the submitted work. V C Lansingh reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from HwelpMeSee. M Lee reports support from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805), all outside the submitted work. C McAlinden reports grants or contracts from the Welsh Government for a research grant related to diabetic eye disease (unpaid role)]; consulting fees from: Acufocus (Irvine, California, USA), Atia Vision (Campbell, California, USA), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), BVI (Li\u00e8ge, Belgium), Coopervision (Pleasanton, California, USA), Cutting Edge (Lab\u00e9ge, France), Fudan University (Fudan, China), Hoya (Frankfurt, Germany), Knowledge Gate Group (Copenhagen, Denmark), Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision (Santa Ana, California, USA), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (M\u00fcnchen, Germany), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France), Ophtec BV (Groningen, The Netherlands), SightGlass vision (Menlo Park, California, USA), Science in Vision (Bend, Oregan, USA), Scope (Crawley, UK), SpyGlass (Aliso Viejo, California, USA), Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), Targomed GmbH (Bruchsal, Germany), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil), Vold Vision (Arkansas, USA); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Scope (Crawley, UK), and Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the following over the past thirty-six months: Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), British Society of Refractive Surgery (Oxford, UK), Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology (Coimbra, Portugal), Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK), Scope (Crawley, UK), Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the British Society for Refractive Surgery as a council member (unpaid role), a PROM advisor to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (unpaid role), an editorial board member for Graefe\u2019s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision, Archives of Medical Science, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal of Ophthalmology, and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology as well as an Associate Editor for Frontiers in Medicine \u2013 Ophthalmology; and other support as a developer of the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire and the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire (OCL-QoL) having a financial interest in these tools and consults on topics including Rasch analysis, questionnaires, statistical analyses, and clinical\/surgical ophthalmology topics. Dr McAlinden has undertaken paid peer reviews for Research Square (Durham, North Carolina, USA); all outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University for a Ph.D. Scholarship; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder, all outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta\/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker\u2019s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and\/or travel from OMERACT as a past steering committee for attending their meeting every 2 years; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee as a member (No financial support); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm\u2019s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee (No financial support), and editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis (No financial support); stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte\u2019s Web Holdings, Inc. as well as previous stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna pharmaceuticals, all outside the submitted work. E Skiadaresi reports consulting fees from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche (Basel, Switzerland); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche ((Basel, Switzerland); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Chair of ATHENA Trial Steering Committee, UK (unpaid); all outside the submitted work. B T Taye reports support for the present manuscript from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF), Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelber. The funder has no role in designing and preparing the manuscript. J H V Ticoalu leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder. M Zieli\u0144ska reports other support as an AstraZeneca employee; outside the submitted work. <b>Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study<\/b> T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from any entity from Zakarian Award Fight for Sight\/Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOZAK2202). A Bron reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Th\u00e9a. N Congdon reports grants or contracts from any entity from Welcome Trust and MRC; consulting fees from Belkin Vision; and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Singapore National Eye Center. M A Del Monte reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the University of Michigan; and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past president of Costenbader Society. T Fricke reports grants or contracts from any entity from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Victorian Lions Foundation, International Myopia Institute, and Australian government; and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from International Myopia Institute. D Friedman reports grants or contracts from any entity from Perivison and Genentech (to the institution for research); consulting fees from Abbvie and Life Biosciences; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Thea Pharmaceuticals; support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Thea Pharmaceuticals; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from Orbis International as member of board of governors. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and from Lions Club International Foundation. G Gazzard reports consulting fees from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision LTD; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios; Genentech\/Roche; Reichert; Th\u00e9a and ViaLase; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Ellex; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Visufarma; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Glaucoma UK Medical Advisory Board and UK&Eire Glaucoma Society as president. M E Hartnett reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Michael F. Marmor, M.D. Professor of Retinal Science and Disease as endowment to support salary; grants or contracts from any entity (from National Eye Institute R01 EY017011 and National Eye Institute R01 EY015130) as partial salary support; patents planned, issued or pending (WO2015123561A2 and WO2021062169A1); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Jack McGovern Coats\u2019 Disease Foundation and as director of Women\u2019s Eye Health and Macular Society Grant Review Chair. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program (as support of salary); and grants or contracts from any entity from Sight for Souls (as support of salary). J E Kim reports consulting fees from Genentech\/Roche, DORC, Notal Vision and Outlook Therapeutics (all as payment to J E Kim); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Allergan, Amgen, Apellis, Bausch&Lomb, Clearside, Coherus, Novartis and Regeneron (all as participation on advisory board); leadership or fiduciary role in other borad, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with AAO, APRIS, ASRS, Macular Society and NAEVR\/AEVR (all unpaid); and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Clearside and Genentech\/Roche (both for medical writing). V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee (as an employee); and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from HelpMeSee (pay airfare and hotel). J Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with National Eye Institute (as a member) and National Eye Health Education Program planning committee (unpaid). M Nowak reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Vision Express Co. Poland as the chairman of medical advisory board of Vision Express Co. Poland. P Ramulu reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health and Perfuse Therapeutics; and consulting fees from Alcon and W. L. Gore. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Th\u00e9a, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, Abbvie and Bayer (all paid to Institution); consulting fees from Omikron, Th\u00e9a and Bausch & Lomb (all paid to Topouzis); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omikron (paid to Topouzis), Abbvie and Roche (both paid to Institute); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with European Glaucoma Society (as president), Greek Glaucoma Society (as president) and Board of Governors, World Glaucoma Association (all unpaid).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}