{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:59:03Z","timestamp":1773788343363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The evolution of the slit-lamp microscope has enabled ophthalmologists to examine the transparent tissues of the eye with histological detail. This paper considers the history and optics of the slit-lamp. Optical sectioning and retro-illumination are discussed; particularly, effective placement of the reflected light beam. A variety of less conventional slit-lamp examination techniques is described. These include remote dark-field retro-illumination, examination through refractive surfaces (particularly, meniscus retro-illumination to demonstrate tear cells and non-contact corneal endothelial specular microscopy), location of vitreous abnormalities by parallax, expanding radial cords of vitreous cells in lymphoma, mirror examination of the superior fornix and corneal epithelial folds in ocular hypotension. It concludes with brief discussions about haemoglobin video imaging, semi-quantification of aqueous outflow volume by aqueous column cross-section area, and autofocus for video-microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03139-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T17:02:14Z","timestamp":1729098134000},"page":"688-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Living histopathology - interrogation of ocular tissues by light: a celebration of the slit-lamp and a repertoire of clinical techniques"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A. 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System of Ophthalmology: Ophthalmic optics and Refraction, In : Mosby, St Louis, editor. The dioptric imagery of the eye and Clinical Instruments. London: H. Kimpton;1970. p. 96-833."},{"key":"3139_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02235.x","volume":"8","author":"B Ehinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ehinger B, Grzybowski A. Allvar Gullstrand (1862-930) - the Gentleman with the lamp. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;8:701\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3139_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.5.670","volume":"117","author":"G James","year":"1999","unstructured":"James G. Ravin. Gullstrand, Einstein, and the Nobel Prize. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:670\u20132.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3139_CR7","first-page":"17","volume":"15","author":"Patrick Same","year":"1993","unstructured":"Same Patrick. 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Eye. 1989;3:121\u20137.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"3139_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.315","volume":"32","author":"PA Meyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyer PA. Re-orchestration of blood flow by microcirculations. Eye. 2018;32:222\u20139.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"3139_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2019.04.001","volume":"2","author":"TZ Khatib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khatib TZ, Meyer PAR, Lusthaus J, Manyakin I, Mushtaq Y, Martin KR, et al. Hemoglobin video imaging provides novel in vivo high-resolution imaging and quantification of human aqueous outflow in patients with glaucoma. 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J Glaucoma. 2022;31:511\u201322.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"3139_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16454","volume":"77","author":"KM M\u00e4ki-Pet\u00e4j\u00e4","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e4ki-Pet\u00e4j\u00e4 KM, McGeoch A, Yang LL, Hubsch A, McEniery CM, Meyer PAR, et al. Mechanisms underlying vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition\u2013induced hypertension: the HYPAZ Trial. Hypertension 2021;77:1591\u20139.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3139_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0302-1","volume":"33","author":"P Meyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyer P, Das T, Ghadiri N, Murthy R, Theodoropoulou S. Clinical pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: the cone model. Eye. 2019;33:244\u201353.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"3139_CR17","first-page":"698","volume":"46","author":"PA Meyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meyer PA. 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