{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:53:32Z","timestamp":1780084412581,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03510-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T22:01:01Z","timestamp":1732831261000},"page":"918-924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of interventions for convergence insufficiency: an observational study evaluating clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life using AS20"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Lee Zher","family":"Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3510_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.05.017","volume":"128","author":"MY Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang MY, Morrison DG, Binenbaum G, Heidary G, Trivedi RH, Galvin JA, et al. Home- and office-based vergence and accommodative therapies for treatment of convergence insufficiency in children and young adults. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:1756\u201365.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3510_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12654","volume":"40","author":"P Nabovati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nabovati P, Kamali M, Mirzajani A, Jafarzadehpur E, Khabazkhoob M. The effect of base\u2010in prism on vision\u2010related symptoms and clinical characteristics of young adults with convergence insufficiency; a placebo\u2010controlled randomised clinical trial. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40:8\u201316.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"3510_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12522","volume":"100","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Khabazkhoob M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Doostdar A, Shiralivand E, et al. The prevalence of convergence insufficiency in Iran: a population-based study. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100:704\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"3510_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12376","volume":"99","author":"\u00c1 Garc\u00eda-mu\u00f1oz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Carbonell-bonete S, Cant\u00f3-cerd\u00e1n M, Cacho-mart\u00ednez P. Accommodative and binocular dysfunctions: prevalence in a randomised sample of university students. Clin Exp Optom. 2016;99:313\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"3510_CR5","first-page":"CD006768-CD","volume":"3","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Gwiazda J, Li T. Non-surgical interventions for convergence insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;3:CD006768-CD.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3510_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00202.x","volume":"24","author":"MW Rouse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rouse MW, Borsting EJ, Lynn Mitchell G, Scheiman M, Cotter SA, Cooper J, et al. Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:384\u201390.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"3510_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.06.005","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1 Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Carbonell-Bonete S, Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P. Symptomatology associated with accommodative and binocular vision anomalies. J Optom. 2014;7:178\u201392.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"3510_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.148357","volume":"22","author":"H Momeni-Moghaddam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Momeni-Moghaddam H, Kundart J, Azimi A, Hassanyani F. The effectiveness of home-based pencil push-up therapy versus office-based therapy for the treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency in young adults. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.068197","volume":"89","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Cotter S, Rouse M, Mitchell GL, Kulp M, Cooper J, et al. Randomised clinical trial of the effectiveness of base-in prism reading glasses versus placebo reading glasses for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:1318\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2011.25.3.185","volume":"25","author":"KM Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim KM, Chun BY. Effectiveness of home-based pencil push-ups (HBPP) for patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25:185\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_99_17","volume":"13","author":"M Aletaha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aletaha M, Daneshvar F, Mosallaei M, Bagheri A, Khalili M. Comparison of three vision therapy approaches for convergence insufficiency. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2018;13:307\u201314.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"3510_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1336","volume":"126","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Cotter S, Mitchell GL, Kulp M, Rouse M, Hertle R, et al. Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1336\u201349.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318194e985","volume":"86","author":"B Teitelbaum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teitelbaum B, Pang Y, Krall J. Effectiveness of base in prism for presbyopes with convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86:153\u20136.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson E, Child C, Lee JP, Adams GG. The use of botulinum toxin in the management of convergence insufficiency exotropia. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2012;16:e13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.12.052"},{"key":"3510_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20220324-02","volume":"60","author":"M Hofsli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hofsli M, Torp-Pedersen TE, Sepstrup L\u00f8nkvist C, Saunte JP. Botulinum toxin A injection for convergence insufficiency. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60:108\u201313.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"3510_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2014.907815","volume":"22","author":"JP Saunte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saunte JP, Holmes JM. Sustained improvement of reading symptoms following botulinum toxin A injection for convergence insufficiency. Strabismus. 2014;22:95\u20139.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"3510_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2021.2022714","volume":"30","author":"M Farrelly-Waters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farrelly-Waters M, Smith J, Parmar K. The efficacy of bupivacaine for the treatment of strabismus. Strabismus. 2022;30:42\u20137.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"3510_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110619","volume":"91","author":"AB Scott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scott AB, Alexander DE, Miller JM. Bupivacaine injection of eye muscles to treat strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:146\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2001.111137","volume":"5","author":"DG Choi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Choi DG, Rosenbaum AL. Medial rectus resection(s) with adjustable suture for intermittent exotropia of the convergence insufficiency type. J AAPOS. 2001;5:13\u20137.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"3510_CR20","first-page":"e448","volume":"97","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang W, Chen B, Liao M, Liu L. Comparison of bilateral medial rectus plication and resection for the treatment of convergence insufficiency\u2010type intermittent exotropia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97:e448\u2013e53.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR21","volume":"20","author":"M Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren M, Wang Q, Wang L. Slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia: A retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20:287.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3510_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.043","volume":"116","author":"SR Hatt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatt SR, Leske DA, Bradley EA, Cole SR, Holmes JM. Development of a quality-of-life questionnaire for adults with strabismus. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:139\u201344.e5.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3510_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.22599\/bioj.273","volume":"18","author":"JE Francis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Francis JE, Rhodes M, Simmons J, Choi J. Utilising virtual clinics and orthoptists to Aid COVID-19 service recovery in adult strabismus. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2022;18:144\u201351.","journal-title":"Br Ir Orthopt J"},{"key":"3510_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200203000-00009","volume":"79","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Cooper J, Mitchell GL, Land PD, Cotter S, Borsting E, et al. A survey of treatment modalities for convergence insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:151\u20137.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2023.08.019","volume":"27","author":"JB Lavrich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lavrich JB, Hamburger JL, Lee KE, Thuma TBT, Omega ML, Zhang QE, et al. Creating consistency in the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency: screening methods. J AAPOS. 2023;27:346.e1\u2013.e6.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"3510_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701772037","volume":"15","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Kulp M, Rouse M, Hertle R, et al. The convergence insufficiency treatment trial: design, methods, and baseline data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15:24\u201336.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"3510_CR27","first-page":"CD006768-CD","volume":"12","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Kulp MT, Cotter SA, Lawrenson JG, Wang L, Li T. Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12:CD006768-CD.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3510_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000975","volume":"93","author":"MM Scheiman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scheiman MM. Home-based therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93:1457\u201365.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.918182","volume":"10","author":"J Limwattanayingyong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Limwattanayingyong J, Amornpetchsathaporn A, Chainakul M, Grzybowski A, Ruamviboonsuk P. The association between environmental and social factors and myopia: a review of evidence from COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2022;10:918182.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3510_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721417703735","volume":"3","author":"H Kergoat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kergoat H, Law C, Chriqui E, Kergoat M-J, Leclerc B-S, Panisset M, et al. Orthoptic treatment of convergence insufficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case series. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2017;3:2333721417703735.","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med"},{"key":"3510_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001929","volume":"99","author":"IJ Lorenzana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lorenzana IJ, Leske DA, Hatt SR, Dean TW, Jenewein EC, Dagi LR, et al. Relationships among Clinical Factors and Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Adults with Convergence Insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2022;99:692\u2013701.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E583","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000171331.36871.2f","volume":"82","author":"M Scheiman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Mitchell GL, Cotter S, Kulp MT, Cooper J, Rouse M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy\/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:E583\u2013E95.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001606","volume":"97","author":"TL Alvarez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez TL, Scheiman M, Santos EM, Yaramothu C, d\u2019Antonio-Bertagnolli JV. Convergence insufficiency neuro-mechanism in adult population study randomized clinical trial: clinical outcome results. Optom Vis Sci. 2020;97:1061\u20139.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3510_CR34","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Wick B Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders. 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2019."}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-024-03510-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-024-03510-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-024-03510-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T08:43:45Z","timestamp":1742805825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-024-03510-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-024-03510-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}