{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:11:50Z","timestamp":1794258710034,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CS-2018-18-ST2-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS-2018-18-ST2-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the potential of anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) in differentiating anterior chamber (AC) pigment and inflammatory cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subject\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study of adults with uveitis. The exclusion criterion was corneal opacity sufficient to obscure slit lamp examination of the anterior chamber. Reference testing comprised slit lamp-based detection of pigment and Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) grading of intraocular inflammation. Index testing comprised CASIA2 swept-source AS-OCT acquisition, with semi-automated analysis to detect and measure hyper-reflective particles within the AC. Correlations between AS-OCT-derived counts of different-sized particles and clinical grades were explored using multilevel multivariable regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      62 eyes (31 patients) were included. There was a positive correlation between AS-OCT particle counts of &gt;4 pixels (equivalent to &gt;24microns), and SUN grading (adjusted coefficient, adjCoef 24.3, 95% confidence interval 6.3 to 42.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03), strengthened in eyes clinically absent of pigment (adjCoef 20.6, 14.8 to 26.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A positive correlation was also noted between particle counts \u22642 pixels and the presence of AC pigment clinically.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swept-source (SS) AS-OCT holds potential utility in differentiating between pigment and cells within the AC, leading to improved management of individuals with or at risk of intraocular inflammation. SS AS-OCT-derived biomarkers may also provide information on uveitis aetiology, supporting the diagnosis of underlying conditions. Further work on a larger cohort, replication by other investigators and clinical teams, and clinical correlation with anterior chamber sampling will enable future clinical validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03697-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T09:03:46Z","timestamp":1741770226000},"page":"1744-1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Differentiation of anterior chamber pigment and inflammatory cells using swept-source optical coherence tomography: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Bellchambers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongling","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Petrushkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameenat Lola","family":"Solebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3697_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.06.005","volume":"30","author":"MD de Smet","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Smet MD, Taylor SRJ, Bodaghi B, Miserocchi E, Murray PI, Pleyer U, et al. Understanding uveitis: the impact of research on visual outcomes. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011;30:452\u201370","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"3697_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12987","volume":"94","author":"JE Thorne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thorne JE, Skup M, Tundia N, Macaulay D, Revol C, Chao J, et al. Direct and indirect resource use, healthcare costs and work force absence in patients with non-infectious intermediate, posterior or panuveitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94:e331\u2013e339","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.028","volume":"123","author":"AD Dick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dick AD, Tundia N, Sorg R, Zhao C, Chao J, Joshi A, et al. Risk of ocular complications in patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:655\u201362","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"3697_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/09273941003637510","volume":"18","author":"E Miserocchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miserocchi E, Modorati G, Mosconi P, Colucci A, Bandello F. Quality of life in patients with uveitis on chronic systemic immunosuppressive treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18:247\u201354","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"3697_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","volume":"140","author":"DA Jabs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Atmaca LS, Becker MD, Brezin AP, et al. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509\u201316","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.004","volume":"146","author":"JH Kempen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kempen JH, Ganesh SK, Sangwan VS, Rathinam SR. Interobserver agreement in grading activity and site of inflammation in eyes of patients with uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146:813\u20138","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.013","volume":"124","author":"A Invernizzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Invernizzi A, Marchi S, Aldigeri R, Mastrofilippo V, Viscogliosi F, Soldani A, et al. Objective quantification of anterior chamber inflammation: measuring cells and flare by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2017;124:1670\u20137","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3697_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.005","volume":"69","author":"HH Oo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oo HH, Mohan M, Song W, Rojas-Carabali W, Tsui E, de-la-Torre A, et al. Anterior chamber inflammation grading methods: a critical review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2023;69:253\u201364","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT184","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18883","volume":"57","author":"M Edmond","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edmond M, Yuan A, Bell BA, Sharma A, Dicicco RM, Tucker L, et al. The feasibility of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography grading of anterior chamber inflammation in a rabbit model of anterior uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:OCT184\u2013OCT188","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3697_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10477","volume":"54","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Lowder C, Zhang X, Huang D. Anterior chamber cell grading by optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:258\u201365","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3697_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15118","volume":"56","author":"J Rose-Nussbaumer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rose-Nussbaumer J, Li Y, Lin P, Suhler E, Asquith M, Rosenbaum JT, et al. Aqueous cell differentiation in anterior uveitis using fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1430\u20136","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3697_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.15","volume":"7","author":"HS Dua","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dua HS, Dick AD, Watson NJ, Forrester JV. A spectrum of clinical signs in anterior uveitis. Eye 1993;7:68\u201373","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"3697_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denniston AKO, Curnow SJ. What can the aqueous humour tell us about uveitis? Uveitis and immunological disorders. 2009; 19\u201327.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69459-5_3"},{"key":"3697_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320448","volume":"107","author":"K Etherton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Etherton K, Rahi JS, Petrushkin H, Dick AD, Akbarali S, Pattani R, et al. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of anterior segment optical coherence tomography capture of disease state in childhood anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023;107:966\u201372","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.1.9","volume":"65","author":"AL Solebo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solebo AL, Bellchambers A, Kellett S, Rahi JS, Dick AD. Establishing the normative data set necessary for imaging-based childhood uveitis surveillance: a cross-sectional study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65:9","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3697_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14175","volume":"50","author":"DA Jabs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jabs DA, McCluskey P, Palestine AG, Thorne JE, The S, Accorinti M, et al. The standardisation of uveitis nomenclature (SUN) project. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;50:991\u20131000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103886","volume":"45","author":"RP Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel RP, Petrushkin H, Etherton K, Terence K, Dick AD, Rahi JS, et al. Quality assessment of anterior segment OCT images: development and validation of quality criteria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;45:103886","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"3697_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:671\u20135","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"3697_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154379","volume":"11","author":"N Yoshihara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshihara N, Terasaki H, Shiihara H, Funatsu R, Yamashita T, Sakamoto T. Quantification of anterior chamber particles using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in angle-closure glaucoma patients after laser iridotomy. J Clin Med. 2022;11:4379","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3697_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313648","volume":"104","author":"AN Kulikov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulikov AN, Maltsev DS, Kazak AA, Burnasheva MA. Anterior chamber particles are associated with reduction of intraocular pressure after selective laser trabeculoplasty. British Journal Ophthalmology. 2020;104:1508\u201311","journal-title":"British Journal Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3697_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.024","volume":"147","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Ashokkumar D, Jacob S, Agarwal A, Saravanan Y. High-speed optical coherence tomography for imaging anterior chamber inflammatory reaction in uveitis: clinical correlation and grading. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:413\u201316. e3","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31829f73bd","volume":"34","author":"AO Igbre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Igbre AO, Rico MC, Garg SJ. High-speed optical coherence tomography as a reliable adjuvant tool to grade ocular anterior chamber inflammation. Retina 2014;34:504\u20138","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3697_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.032","volume":"122","author":"S Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma S, Lowder CY, Vasanji A, Baynes K, Kaiser PK, Srivastava SK. Automated analysis of anterior chamber inflammation by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2015;122:1464\u201370","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3697_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060100100036","volume":"105","author":"CC Chan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chan CC, Wetzig RP, Palestine AG, Nusenblatt RB, Kuwabara T. Immunohistopathology of ocular sarcoidosis. Report of a case and discussion of immunopathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1398\u2013402","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.04.003","volume":"50","author":"JH Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang JH, McCluskey PJ, Wakefield D. Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-B27. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:364\u201388","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3697_CR26","first-page":"3247","volume":"61","author":"M McDonald","year":"2020","unstructured":"McDonald M, Sharma S, Baynes K, Fisher E, Burton D, Venkat A, et al. The differences in anterior chamber cellular density, size and intensity of uveitis subtypes as measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography in uveitis patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61:3247\u20133247","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3697_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00059.2017","volume":"99","author":"L D\u2019Alba","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Alba L, Shawkey MD. Melanosomes: biogenesis, properties, and evolution of an ancient organelle. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:1\u201319","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-03697-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-03697-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-03697-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T08:24:01Z","timestamp":1748852641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-03697-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-03697-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4595880\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}