{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:17:03Z","timestamp":1790295423193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 EY034892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 EY034892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008291","name":"College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY029594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY029594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005426","name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-04034-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:25:20Z","timestamp":1759314320000},"page":"3113-3120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical outcomes of ocular syphilis within the Great Plains region: potential syndemic impact of methamphetamine use"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolulope","family":"Fashina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9867-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Kaftan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Marie","family":"Lobo-Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Conrady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4034_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2020. CDC. https:\/\/www.astda.org\/federal\/2020_STD_Surveillance_Report.pdf."},{"key":"4034_CR2","unstructured":"Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services. Health Alert Network Advisory: increasing syphilis incidence in Nebraska. Nebraska HHS. https:\/\/dhhs.ne.gov\/han%20Documents\/ADVISORY03212022.pdf."},{"key":"4034_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6594849","volume":"2017","author":"T Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang T, Zhu Y, Xu G. Clinical features and treatments of syphilitic uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:6594849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6594849.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.06.011","volume":"6","author":"KS Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu KS, Vitale AT, Shakoor A, Larochelle M, Sassalos T, Elner SG, et al. Pyramidal inflammatory deposits of the retinal pigment epithelium and outer retina in ocular syphilis. Ophthalmol Retin. 2022;6:172\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2021.06.011.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retin"},{"key":"4034_CR5","unstructured":"Koundanya VV, Tripathy K. Syphilis ocular manifestations. StatPearls; 2023."},{"key":"4034_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x","volume":"38","author":"BC Amaratunge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;38:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_252_16","volume":"24","author":"PD Majumder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Majumder PD, Ghosh A, Biswas J. Infectious uveitis: an enigma. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2017;24:2\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_252_16.","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000001543","volume":"49","author":"JS Ford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ford JS, Shevchyk I, Yoon J, Chechi T, Voong S, Tran N, et al. Risk factors for syphilis at a large urban emergency department. Sex Transm Dis. 2022;49:105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000001543.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"4034_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6806a4","volume":"68","author":"SE Kidd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kidd SE, Grey JA, Torrone EA, Weinstock HS. Increased methamphetamine, injection drug, and heroin use among women and heterosexual men with primary and secondary syphilis - United States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:144\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6806a4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"4034_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00445","volume":"8","author":"SA Salamanca","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salamanca SA, Sorrentino EE, Nosanchuk JD, Martinez LR. Impact of methamphetamine on infection and immunity. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2014.00445.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4034_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000168280.34424.58","volume":"32","author":"W Wong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:458\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.olq.0000168280.34424.58.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"4034_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang Y, Nguyen NV, Mammo DA, Albini TA, Hayek BR, Timperley BD, et al. Vision health perspectives on breaking bad: ophthalmic sequelae of methamphetamine use disorder. Mini Review. Front Toxicol. 2023;5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2023.1135792.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2023.1135792"},{"key":"4034_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41395","volume":"15:","author":"R Ishihara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ishihara R, Buscho S, Yu HJ, Gupta PK. Assessment of visual acuity outcomes in ocular syphilis treated with adjunctive topical or oral steroids. Cureus. 2023;15:e41395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.41395.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4034_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16347","volume":"34","author":"X Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu X, Gao Y, Yan Y, Marks M, Zhu L, Lu H, et al. The importance of proper and prompt treatment of ocular syphilis: a lesson from permanent vision loss in 52 eyes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:1569\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.16347.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"4034_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohareb AM, Barshak MB, Papaliodis GN, Sobrin L, Durand ML. Ocular syphilis in patients with nonreactive RPR and positive treponemal serologies: a retrospective observational cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae354.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae354"},{"key":"4034_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","volume":"140","author":"DA Jabs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the first international workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597x-19970701-16","volume":"13","author":"JT Holladay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Holladay JT. Proper method for calculating average visual acuity. J Refract Surg. 1997;13:388\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/1081-597x-19970701-16.","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"4034_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2015.07.008","volume":"36","author":"C Carbonni\u00e8re","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carbonni\u00e8re C, Couret C, Guillouzouic A, Lefebvre M, Lebranchu P, Weber M. Syphilis oculaire: \u00e9tude r\u00e9trospective de 27 cas au CHU de Nantes (France) de 2000 \u00e0 2013. Rev M\u00e9d Interne. 2015;36:722\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2015.07.008.","journal-title":"Rev M\u00e9d Interne"},{"key":"4034_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306168","volume":"99","author":"LC Northey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Northey LC, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, McCluskey PJ. Syphilitic uveitis and optic neuritis in Sydney, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:1215\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306168.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182509796","volume":"32","author":"P Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang P, Zhang N, Li F, Chen Y, Kijlstra A. Ocular manifestations of syphilitic uveitis in Chinese patients. Retina. 2012;32:1906\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182509796.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4034_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.943349","volume":"24","author":"A Fonollosa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonollosa A, Martinez-Indart L, Artaraz J, Martinez-Berriotxao A, Agirrebengoa K, Garcia M, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of syphilis-associated uveitis in Northern Spain. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24:147\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273948.2014.943349.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"4034_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sittivarakul W, Aramrungroj S, Seepongphun U. Clinical features and incidence of visual improvement following systemic antibiotic treatment in patients with syphilitic uveitis. Sci Rep. 2022;12:12553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-16780-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16780-5"},{"key":"4034_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas J, Ahmed H, Halbritter K, Enghelberg M. Poor visual outcomes in syphilitic uveitis associated with methamphetamine use: a case series. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001524.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001524"},{"key":"4034_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ZhangS, Rickels KL, Krishnan V, Uwaydat SH. Persistent syphilitic ocular manifestations despite treatment: a case series. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2024;14:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-024-00435-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00435-9"},{"key":"4034_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2015.1134586","volume":"40","author":"S Apinyawasisuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Apinyawasisuk S, Poonyathalang A, Preechawat P, Vanikieti K. Syphilitic optic neuropathy: re-emerging cases over a 2-year period. Neuroophthalmology. 2016;40:69\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01658107.2015.1134586.","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"key":"4034_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049897","volume":"7","author":"R Harms","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harms R, Morsey B, Boyer CW, Fox HS, Sarvetnick N. Methamphetamine administration targets multiple immune subsets and induces phenotypic alterations suggestive of immunosuppression. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e49897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049897.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4034_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-011-0043-4","volume":"17","author":"PS Silverstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silverstein PS, Shah A, Gupte R, Liu X, Piepho RW, Kumar S, et al. Methamphetamine toxicity and its implications during HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol. 2011;17:401\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-011-0043-4.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"4034_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00156","volume":"9","author":"P Turowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turowski P, Kenny BA. The blood-brain barrier and methamphetamine: open sesame? Front Neurosci. 2015;9:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2015.00156.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4034_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee M, Leskova W, Eshaq RS, Harris NR. Acute changes in the retina and central retinal artery with methamphetamine. Exp Eye Res. 2020;193:107964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107964.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107964"},{"key":"4034_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581818809356","volume":"37","author":"H Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang H, Tao L, Li L. Long-term systemic treatment with methamphetamine causes retinal damage in CD1 mice. Int J Toxicol. 2018;37:448\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1091581818809356.","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"4034_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0233-y","volume":"20","author":"JE Iudicello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iudicello JE, Morgan EE, Gongvatana A, Letendre SL, Grant I, Woods SP. Detrimental impact of remote methamphetamine dependence on neurocognitive and everyday functioning in older but not younger HIV+ adults: evidence for a legacy effect? J Neurovirol. 2014;20:85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-014-0233-y.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"4034_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02200-6","volume":"42","author":"M Mahjoob","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahjoob M, Maleki AR, Askarizadeh F, Heydarian S, Rakhshandadi T. Macula and optic disk features in methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine addicts using optical coherence tomography. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42:2055\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-021-02200-6.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4034_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.07.005","volume":"80","author":"MR Talebnejad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talebnejad MR, Khazaei P, Jahanbani-Ardakani H, Saberikia Z, Moghimi Sarani E, Khalili MR. Effects of chronic methamphetamine abuse on the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and Bruch\u2019s membrane opening minimum rim width. Neurotoxicology. 2020;80:140\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.07.005.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"4034_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.100473","volume":"15","author":"J Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo J, Tang W, Liu W, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang W. Bilateral methamphetamine-induced ischemic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019;15:100473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.100473.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04034-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04034-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04034-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:05:08Z","timestamp":1763424308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04034-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-04034-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No conflicting relationship exists for any author. YH, NVN, TF, and TK have no financial disclosures to declare. AMLC receives consulting fees from Bausch Health and serves as an advisory board for Alimera. CDC has a provisional patent NIN #24087 for the intravitreal use of IFN-alpha. SY receives consulting fees from Alcon, Bausch and Lomb, Adverum, Apellis, and Eyepoint.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This article was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The collection and evaluation of all protected patient health information was performed in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant manner.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}