{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:14:03Z","timestamp":1788401643394,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess ophthalmic complications following COVID-19 infection and the impact of mRNA vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using a large US database of de-identified electronic health records (1 March 2020\u201330 April 2021). Patients with COVID-19 and subsequent ophthalmology evaluation were included. The vaccinated COVID-19 cohort was matched to an unvaccinated cohort (n\u2009=\u200973,654 each). COVID-19 and influenza patients (n\u2009=\u200977,809 each) were also matched. Influenza served as a historical control. Ten ophthalmic conditions were assessed post-COVID-19 infection, including retinal artery occlusion (RAO), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), retinal oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Bonferroni correction addressed multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccinated COVID-19 patients had significantly lower odds of retinal oedema (OR 0.68; 99.5% CI, 0.54\u20130.85), vitreous haemorrhage (OR 0.55; 99.5% CI, 0.44\u20130.68), and optic neuritis (OR 0.60; 99.5% CI, 0.43\u20130.85) compared to unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of RAO, RVO, or retinal haemorrhage between vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. COVID-19 patients exhibited higher odds of diplopia (OR 1.89; 99.5% CI, 1.53\u20132.32) and cranial nerve VI palsy (OR 3.19; 99.5% CI, 1.82\u20135.59) compared to influenza patients, while rates of optic neuritis, RAO, RVO, retinal oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and retinal haemorrhage were similar between the groups<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination was associated with a lower incidence of retinal oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and optic neuritis. Compared to influenza, COVID-19 was associated with diplopia and CN VI palsy, while other neuro-ophthalmic and retinal pathologies had similar risk. Further research is needed to clarify these associations and underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-04050-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T14:42:52Z","timestamp":1759588972000},"page":"3148-3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ophthalmic complications associated with COVID-19: a large US national database analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8037-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Azar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Talcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1896008","volume":"29","author":"K Jevnikar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jevnikar K, Jaki Mekjavic P, Vidovic Valentincic N, Petrovski G, Globocnik Petrovic M. An update on COVID-19 related ophthalmic manifestations. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;29:684\u20139.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"4050_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v16i1.8256","volume":"16","author":"N Nasiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, Noori A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi A. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021;16:103\u201312.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"4050_CR3","unstructured":"Hu K, Patel J, Swiston C, Patel BC. Ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls;2023."},{"key":"4050_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2023.08.003","volume":"59","author":"E Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran E, Phu V, Xu R, Teoderascu A, Aly M, Shah N, et al. Ocular manifestations of COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2024;59:e435\u2013e452.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR5","first-page":"112067212110565","volume":"32","author":"JL Vallejo-Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallejo-Garcia JL, Balia L, Raimondi R, Rustioni G, Camesasca FI, Borgia A, et al. Conjunctivitis as a sign of persistent SARS-COV-2 infection? An observational study and report of late symptoms. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;32:11206721211056594.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR6","first-page":"251584142110033","volume":"13","author":"M Al-Namaeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Namaeh M. COVID-19 and conjunctivitis: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:25158414211003368.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tri Mahayana I, Christina Angsana N, Kamila A, Nur Fatiha N, Zen Sunjaya D, Andajana W, et al. Literature review of conjunctivitis, conjunctival swab and chloroquine effect in the eyes: a current update on COVID-19 and ophthalmology. J Med Sci. 2020;52:21\u201328.","DOI":"10.19106\/JMedSciSI005203202003"},{"key":"4050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.06.007","volume":"18","author":"L Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou L, Xu Z, Castiglione GM, Soiberman US, Eberhart CG, Duh EJ. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ocul Surf. 2020;18:537\u201344.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"4050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001049","volume":"40","author":"S Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou S, Jones-Lopez EC, Soneji DJ, Azevedo CJ, Patel VR. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis and myelitis in COVID-19. J Neuroophthalmol. 2020;40:398\u2013402.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR10","volume":"14","author":"AM Khair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khair AM, Nikam R, Husain S, Ortiz M, Kaur G. Para and post-COVID-19 CNS acute demyelinating disorders in children: a case series on expanding the spectrum of clinical and radiological characteristics. Cureus. 2022;14:e23405.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4050_CR11","first-page":"433","volume":"16","author":"J Leite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leite J, Abreu AC, Furtado MJ, Lume M. Retinal changes after COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Int Med Case Rep J. 2023;16:433\u201342.","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"4050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012156","volume":"20","author":"M Monu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monu M, Ahmad F, Olson RM, Balendiran V, Singh PK. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and induces a hyperinflammatory immune response in the retina via systemic exposure. PLoS Pathog. 2024;20:e1012156.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"4050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35225-1","volume":"13","author":"GU Jeong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeong GU, Kwon HJ, Ng WH, Liu X, Moon HW, Yoon GY, et al. Ocular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in animal models with retinal inflammation via neuronal invasion following intranasal inoculation. Nat Commun. 2022;13:7675.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4050_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-022-00496-4","volume":"58","author":"MA Colantonio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colantonio MA, Nwafor DC, Jaiswal S, Shrestha AK, Elkhooly M, Rollins S, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis and myelitis in COVID-19: a case report and a review of the literature. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2022;58:62.","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"4050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.3587","volume":"183","author":"TJ Iwashyna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iwashyna TJ, Seelye S, Berkowitz TS, Pura J, Bohnert A, Bowling CB, et al. Late mortality after COVID-19 infection among us veterans vs risk-matched comparators: a 2-Year Cohort analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183:1111\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"4050_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.55387","volume":"7","author":"PL Hebert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hebert PL, Kumbier KE, Smith VA, Hynes DM, Govier DJ, Wong E, et al. Changes in outpatient health care use after COVID-19 infection among veterans. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2355387.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4050_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.07.013","volume":"41","author":"F Struyf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Struyf F, Hardt K, Van Rampelbergh R, Shukarev G, Inamdar A, Ruiz-Gui\u00f1az\u00fa J, et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a database review of clinical trial and post-marketing experience with Ad26.COV2.S. Vaccine. 2023;41:5351\u20139.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.05.054","volume":"49","author":"B Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long B, Bridwell R, Gottlieb M. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;49:58\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4050_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2022.04.010","volume":"39","author":"D Garc\u00eda-Azor\u00edn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Azor\u00edn D, L\u00e1zaro E, Ezpeleta D, Lecumberri R, de la C\u00e1mara R, Castellanos M, et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome following adenovirus vector-based vaccines to prevent COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical presentation in Spain. Neurologia. 2024;39:721\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurologia."},{"key":"4050_CR20","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying conditions and the higher risk for severe COVID-19. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2025."},{"key":"4050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep15020024","volume":"15","author":"H Sutanto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutanto H, Soegiarto G. Risk of Thrombosis during and after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and management. Hematol Rep. 2023;15:225\u201343.","journal-title":"Hematol Rep"},{"key":"4050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261786","volume":"17","author":"C Covidsurg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Covidsurg C, GlobalSurg C. COVID-19 is associated with higher risk of venous thrombosis, but not arterial thrombosis, compared with influenza: insights from a large US cohort. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0261786\u201339.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4050_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-23-1674","volume":"16","author":"K Raj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raj K, Majeed H, Chandna S, Chitkara A, Sheikh AB, Kumar A, et al. Increased risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with COVID-19 pneumonia in comparison to influenza pneumonia: insights from the National Inpatient Sample database. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16:6161\u201370.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"4050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001310","volume":"35","author":"G Lippi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. COVID-19 vaccination prevents venous thrombosis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and thereafter. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2024;35:225\u20136.","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"4050_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e655","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.655","volume":"5","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Jeong S, Song J, Park SJ, Park YJ, Oh YH, et al. Risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis following COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study. MedComm. 2024;5:e655.","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"4050_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12496","volume":"5","author":"MAM Stals","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stals MAM, Grootenboers M, van Guldener C, Kaptein F, Braken S, Chen Q, et al. Risk of thrombotic complications in influenza versus COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2021;5:412\u201320.","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"4050_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.13072","volume":"328","author":"V Lo Re","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lo Re V, Dutcher SK, Connolly JG, Perez-Vilar S, Carbonari DM, DeFor TA, et al. Association of COVID-19 vs influenza with risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events among hospitalized patients. JAMA. 2022;328:637\u201351.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4050_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1770301","volume":"28","author":"M Casagrande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casagrande M, Fitzek A, P\u00fcschel K, Aleshcheva G, Schultheiss HP, Berneking L, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human retinal biopsies of deceased COVID-19 patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28:721\u20135.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"4050_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100550","volume":"27","author":"A Invernizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Invernizzi A, Torre A, Parrulli S, Zicarelli F, Schiuma M, Colombo V, et al. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: results from the SERPICO-19 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;27:100550.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"4050_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.11.007","volume":"25","author":"LG P\u00e9rez-Chimal","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Chimal LG, Cuevas GG, Di-Luciano A, Chamart\u00edn P, Amadeo G, Mart\u00ednez-Castellanos MA. Ophthalmic manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 in newborn infants: a preliminary report. J AAPOS. 2021;25:102\u20134.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"4050_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05471","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.5471","volume":"10","author":"MA Amin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amin MA, Nahin S, Dola TA, Afrin S, Hawlader M. Retinal hemorrhage of late post-COVID-19 and post-vaccine-related pathogenic mechanisms: a new challenge for ophthalmologist in COVID era. Clin Case Rep. 2022;10:e05471.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"4050_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E184","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suab118","volume":"23","author":"F Violi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Violi F, Cammisotto V, Pastori D, Pignatelli P. Thrombosis in pre- and post-vaccination phase of COVID-19. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2021;23:E184\u2013E188.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Suppl"},{"key":"4050_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18726","volume":"201","author":"E Petito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petito E, Franco L, Falcinelli E, Guglielmini G, Conti C, Vaudo G, et al. COVID-19 infection-associated platelet and neutrophil activation is blunted by previous anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Br J Haematol. 2023;201:851\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"4050_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2008.01720.x","volume":"38","author":"JW Yau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yau JW, Lee P, Wong TY, Best J, Jenkins A. Retinal vein occlusion: an approach to diagnosis, systemic risk factors and management. Intern Med J. 2008;38:904\u201310.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"4050_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200309000-00008","volume":"9","author":"JM Lahey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lahey JM, Kearney JJ, Tunc M. Hypercoagulable states and central retinal vein occlusion. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9:385\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"4050_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:683\u201390.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"4050_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02579-8","volume":"19","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang W, Chen F, Cui L. COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: neuroinvasive and blood\u2012brain barrier dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:222.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"4050_CR38","first-page":"39","volume":"22","author":"J Finsterer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Scorza C, Fiorini A. COVID-19 associated cranial nerve neuropathy: a systematic review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2022;22:39\u201345.","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"4050_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00058-12","volume":"77","author":"JA Belser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belser JA, Rota PA, Tumpey TM. Ocular tropism of respiratory viruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2013;77:144\u201356.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"4050_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e925897","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.925897","volume":"21","author":"S Belghmaidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belghmaidi S, Nassih H, Boutgayout S, El Fakiri K, El Qadiry R, Hajji I, et al. Third cranial nerve palsy presenting with unilateral diplopia and strabismus in a 24-year-old woman with COVID-19. Am J Case Rep. 2020;21:e925897.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"4050_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001146","volume":"40","author":"CE Greer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greer CE, Bhatt JM, Oliveira CA, Dinkin MJ. Isolated cranial nerve 6 palsy in 6 patients with COVID-19 infection. J Neuroophthalmol. 2020;40:520\u20132.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20200052","volume":"78","author":"RMC Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira RMC, Santos DH, Olivetti BC, Takahashi JT. Bilateral trochlear nerve palsy due to cerebral vasculitis related to COVID-19 infection. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020;78:385\u20136.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"4050_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2235_21","volume":"70","author":"A Jossy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jossy A, Jacob N, Sarkar S, Gokhale T, Kaliaperumal S, Deb AK. COVID-19-associated optic neuritis\u2013a case series and review of literature. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70:310\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101320","volume":"26","author":"MA Azab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azab MA, Hasaneen SF, Hanifa H, Azzam AY. Optic neuritis post-COVID-19 infection. A case report with meta-analysis. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021;26:101320.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"4050_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001519","volume":"43","author":"M Tugizova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tugizova M, Siegel DT, Huang S, Su E, Subramanian PS, Beres S, et al. Case Series: atypical optic neuritis after COVID-19 vaccination. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023;43:e120\u2013e122.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000420","volume":"27","author":"I Caliskan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caliskan I, Bulus E, Afsar N, Altintas A. A case with new-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder following COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination. Neurologist. 2022;27:147\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"4050_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.02.024","volume":"131","author":"P Shukla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shukla P, Sharma N, Shaia JK, Cohen DA, Singh RP, Talcott KE. The risk of optic neuritis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination compared to COVID-19 infection and other vaccinations. Ophthalmology. 2024;131:1076\u201382.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4050_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001595","volume":"43","author":"P Sookaromdee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sookaromdee P, Wiwanitkit V. Atypical optic neuritis after COVID-19 vaccination. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023;43:e37.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"4050_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000337138","volume":"48","author":"DE Mansour","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mansour DE, El-Shazly AA, Elawamry AI, Ismail AT. Comparison of ocular findings in patients with H1N1 influenza infection versus patients receiving influenza vaccine during a pandemic. Ophthalmic Res. 2012;48:134\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"4050_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"H Nakagawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakagawa H, Noma H, Kotake O, Motohashi R, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Optic neuritis and acute anterior uveitis associated with influenza A infection: a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2017;10:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"4050_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01376-y","volume":"35","author":"A Venkatesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venkatesh A, Patel R, Goyal S, Rajaratnam T, Sharma A, Hossain P. Ocular manifestations of emerging viral diseases. Eye. 2021;35:1117\u201339.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4050_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2022.02.008","volume":"32","author":"T Iba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iba T, Levy JH. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 and after COVID-19 vaccination. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2022;32:249\u201356.","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"4050_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474045","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1474045","volume":"11","author":"S Agampodi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agampodi S, Tadesse BT, Sahastrabuddhe S, Excler JL, Kim JH. Biases in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies using a cohort design. Front Med. 2024;11:1474045.","journal-title":"Front Med"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04050-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04050-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04050-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:05:00Z","timestamp":1763424300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-04050-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-04050-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"RPS reports personal fees from Apellis, Iveric Bio, Eyepoint, Regenxbio, Genentech, Bausch and Lomb, Zeiss, Alcon, and Regeneron, and research grants from Jannsen. KET: Alimera (consultant), Apellis (consultant), Bausch and Lomb (consultant), Eyepoint (consultant), Genentech (consultant, speaker\u2019s bureau), Iveric Bio (speaker\u2019s bureau), Regeneron (research), Regenxbio (research), Zeiss (research). The remaining authors have no financial disclosures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}