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While comprehensive, evidence-based international guidance exists, much of it does not reflect the realities of practice in the UK. A panel of experts was brought together to identify areas of consensus on assessment, management, and appropriate referral of DED in the UK National Health Service (NHS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire was circulated to a panel consisting of 15 optometrists, ophthalmologists, and corneal specialists with experience and expertise in DED. Based on their responses, consensus statements were developed and underwent two rounds of voting, in which respondents indicated to what extent they agreed with each statement. A core steering panel of seven experts discussed the results and provided further context for the statements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strong or very strong consensus was reached for 57\/62 statements. Statements with very strong consensus included guidance on the minimum symptoms and signs to be assessed on initial presentation and simple guidance for grading the severity of the disease. Statements regarding initial treatment were divided by setting (primary and secondary care), and a strong or very strong consensus was reached on 17\/20 statements relating to treatment options in these settings. Statements specific to referral included approximate target timelines, where possible, as well as guidance on key supporting information to help improve the efficiency of patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This consensus provides a UK-focused resource to support consistent and effective care for patients with DED within the NHS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-026-04375-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T11:57:16Z","timestamp":1773489436000},"page":"1185-1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment and management of dry eye disease in the UK: standardising reality-based best practice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bita","family":"Manzouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Kolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lockington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harminder","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4375_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.08.003","volume":"15","author":"JP Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig JP, Nelson JD, Azar DT, Belmonte C, Bron AJ, Chauhan SK, et al. 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SA has received honoraria and an educational grant from Santen. SH is an assessor and examiner for the College of Optometrists and a senior lecturer for the Independent Prescribing (IP) programme at Cardiff University. She has received honoraria from Santen and Bausch & Lomb. SK has received speaker fees from Santen, Thea and Visufarma. DL has received consultancy and speaker honoraria from Santen. MO has received consultancy and speaker fees from Santen UK, as well as speaker fees and travel expenses from Thea Pharmaceuticals, Scope Pharmaceuticals, and Alcon UK. HD is a consultant to Arctic Vision, NuVision Biotherapies, Santen, Seagen, and Thea. He holds a patent for Omnigen and owns shares in GlaxoSmithKline and NuVision Biotherapies. He is the Editor-in-Chief of\n                      Eye\n                      .","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}