{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:39:59Z","timestamp":1790354399387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-026-04473-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:35:55Z","timestamp":1777912555000},"page":"1559-1566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["OphthoEvidence: a model for rapid and trustworthy ophthalmology guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Zeraatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marah","family":"Al Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Sivaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8734-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie C.","family":"Wykoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9988-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varun","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","volume":"9","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Bourne RR, Briant PS, Flaxman SR, Taylor HR, Jonas JB, et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e144\u2013e60.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4473_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","volume":"9","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RR, Congdon N, Jones I, et al. The lancet global health commission on global eye health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e489\u2013e551.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4473_CR3","unstructured":"Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. CompassRx, 9th ed. Annual Public Drug Plan Expenditure Report, 2021\/22. Ottawa: PMPRB; 2023."},{"key":"4473_CR4","unstructured":"CBC News. Time to review how much ophthalmologists can bill, politicians say. 2020. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/newfoundland-labrador\/ophthalmologist-billing-review-1.5611743#:~:text=Analysis%20done%20by%20the%20CBC,higher%20than%20any%20other%20specialty."},{"key":"4473_CR5","unstructured":"Recap: Top 10. Breakthroughs in Ophthalmology Research. Ophthalmology Breaking News. 2024. https:\/\/ophthalmologybreakingnews.com\/2025-recap-top-10-breakthroughs-in-ophthalmology-research."},{"key":"4473_CR6","first-page":"63","volume":"21","author":"M Kecik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kecik M, Bouthour W, Thumann G, Malcl\u00e8s A. Ophthalmology: what\u2019s new in 2024. Rev Med Suisse. 2025;21:63\u20136.","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"key":"4473_CR7","first-page":"Cd005139","volume":"3","author":"SD Solomon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solomon SD, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, Krzystolik MG, Hawkins BS. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3:Cd005139.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"4473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530200066040","volume":"274","author":"MC Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson MC, Hayward RS, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt G. Users\u2019 guides to the Medical Literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. what are the recommendations and will they help you in caring for your patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995;274:1630\u20132.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01898-z","volume":"36","author":"AJ Darzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darzi AJ, Busse JW, Phillips MR, Singh RP, Holz FG, Thabane L, et al. Guidelines for patient management: considerations before adoption into practice. Eye. 2022;36:1135\u20137.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4473_CR10","unstructured":"Panteli D, Legido-Quigley H, Reichebner C, Ollenschl\u00e4ger G, Sch\u00e4fer C, Busse R. Clinical practice guidelines as a quality strategy. Improving healthcare quality in Europe. 2019:233.European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2019. (Health Policy Series, No. 53.) 9. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK549283\/."},{"key":"4473_CR11","unstructured":"Busse R, Klazinga N, Panteli D, Quentin W. Improving healthcare quality in Europe: characteristics, effectiveness and implementation of different strategies. 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/9789289051750."},{"key":"4473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-9-24","volume":"9","author":"G Kosimbei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kosimbei G, Hanson K, English M. Do clinical guidelines reduce clinician dependent costs? Health Res policy Syst. 2011;9:24.","journal-title":"Health Res policy Syst"},{"key":"4473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.140547","volume":"186","author":"LM Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda LM, Sanabria AJ, \u00c1lvarez EG, Trujillo-Mart\u00edn MM, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Kotzeva A, et al. The validity of recommendations from clinical guidelines: a survival analysis. CMAJ. 2014;186:1211\u20139.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"4473_CR14","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011."},{"key":"4473_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E839","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090449","volume":"182","author":"MC Brouwers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182:E839\u2013E42.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"4473_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E123","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131237","volume":"186","author":"HJ Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Wiercioch W, Etxeandia I, Falavigna M, Santesso N, Mustafa R, et al. Guidelines 2.0: systematic development of a comprehensive checklist for a successful guideline enterprise. CMAJ. 2014;186:E123\u201342.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"4473_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03008-1","volume":"38","author":"J Galvez-Olortegui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galvez-Olortegui J, Bouchikh-El Jarroudi R, Silva-Ocas I, Palacios-Herrera H, Cubillas-Martin M, Zavaleta-Mercado M, et al. Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion. Eye. 2024;38:1722\u201333.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4473_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000820","volume":"27","author":"E Michaelov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michaelov E, Armstrong JJ, Nguyen M, Instrum B, Lam T, Denstedt J, et al. Assessing the methodological quality of glaucoma clinical practice guidelines and their recommendations on microinvasive glaucoma surgery: a systematic review. J Glaucoma. 2018;27:e44\u2013e9.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"4473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2021.1971262","volume":"29","author":"VF Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan VF, Yong AC, Azuara-Blanco A, Gordon I, Safi S, Lingham G, et al. A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for infectious and non-infectious conjunctivitis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2022;29:473\u201382.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01572-4","volume":"35","author":"T Das","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das T, Takkar B, Sivaprasad S, Thanksphon T, Taylor H, Wiedemann P, et al. Recently updated global diabetic retinopathy screening guidelines: commonalities, differences, and future possibilities. Eye. 2021;35:2685\u201398.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2016","volume":"353","author":"P Alonso-Coello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alonso-Coello P, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Moberg J, Brignardello-Petersen R, Akl EA, Davoli M, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction. BMJ. 2016;353:i2016.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.08.005","volume":"51","author":"MC Brouwers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting, and evaluation in health care. Prev Med. 2010;51:421\u20134.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"4473_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.09.009","volume":"81","author":"HJ Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Wiercioch W, Brozek J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa RA, Manja V, et al. GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks for adoption, adaptation, and de novo development of trustworthy recommendations: GRADE-ADOLOPMENT. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;81:101\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR24","unstructured":"Guidelines International Network. International Guidelines Library: including registry of guidelines in development. Edinburgh (UK): Guidelines International Network."},{"key":"4473_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4567-2","volume":"19","author":"A El-Harakeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Harakeh A, Morsi RZ, Fadlallah R, Bou-Karroum L, Lotfi T, Akl EA. Prioritization approaches in the development of health practice guidelines: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:692.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"4473_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.09.023","volume":"141","author":"SA Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li SA, Yousefi-Nooraie R, Guyatt G, Talwar G, Wang Q, Zhu Y, et al. A few panel members dominated guideline development meeting discussions: Social network analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2022;141:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201208-056ST","volume":"9","author":"R Kunz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kunz R, Fretheim A, Cluzeau F, Wilt TJ, Qaseem A, Lelgemann M, et al. Guideline group composition and group processes: article 3 in Integrating and coordinating efforts in COPD guideline development. An official ATS\/ERS workshop report. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2012;9:229\u201333.","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"4473_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gin2.12025","volume":"1","author":"M Ghadimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghadimi M, Guyatt G, Brignardello-Petersen R. Modifications to the NEATS instrument for more appropriate and reproducible assessment of guidelines trustworthiness. Clin Public Health Guidel. 2024;1:e12025.","journal-title":"Clin Public Health Guidel"},{"key":"4473_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e205535","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.5535","volume":"3","author":"MC Brouwers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brouwers MC, Spithoff K, Kerkvliet K, Alonso-Coello P, Burgers J, Cluzeau F, et al. Development and validation of a tool to assess the quality of clinical practice guideline recommendations. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e205535.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4473_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.012","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Atkins D, Brozek J, Vist G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:395\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.07.022","volume":"130","author":"T Piggott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piggott T, Baldeh T, Akl EA, Junek M, Wiercioch W, Schneider R, et al. Supporting effective participation in health guideline development groups: the Guideline Participant Tool. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;130:42\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Vandvik PO, Iorio A, Agarwal A, Yao L, Eachempati P, et al. Core GRADE 7: principles for moving from evidence to recommendations and decisions. BMJ. 2025;389:e083867.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-083867"},{"key":"4473_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079890","volume":"385","author":"SG Karam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karam SG, Zhang Y, Pardo-Hernandez H, Siebert U, Koopman L, Noyes J, et al. ROBVALU: a tool for assessing risk of bias in studies about people\u2019s values, utilities, or importance of health outcomes. BMJ. 2024;385:e079890.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR34","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP qualitative checklist. 2018 https:\/\/casp-uk.net\/casp-tools-checklists\/."},{"key":"4473_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","volume":"358","author":"BJ Shea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111466","volume":"173","author":"T Mathes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathes T, Prien P, Klerings I, Ewald H, Dressler C, Harder T, et al. Guidance on how to efficiently find, choose, and use available systematic reviews was developed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;173:111466.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111301","volume":"169","author":"DK Pollock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pollock DK, Khalil H, Evans C, Godfrey C, Pieper D, Alexander L, et al. The role of scoping reviews in guideline development. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;169:111301.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR38","unstructured":"Cochrane Methods Equity. PROGRESS-Plus. 2014 https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/equity\/projects\/evidence-equity\/progress-plus."},{"key":"4473_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.07.007","volume":"150","author":"O Dewidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dewidar O, Kawala BA, Antequera A, Tricco AC, Tovey D, Straus S, et al. Methodological guidance for incorporating equity when informing rapid-policy and guideline development. J Clin Epidemiol. 2022;150:142\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005","volume":"67","author":"J O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, Petticrew M, Pottie K, Clarke M, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67:56\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.10.001","volume":"165","author":"O Dewidar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dewidar O, Pardo JP, Welch V, Hazlewood GS, Darzi AJ, Barnabe C, et al. Operationalizing the GRADE-equity criterion to inform guideline recommendations: application to a medical cannabis guideline. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;165:111185.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR43","unstructured":"Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch, VJHW Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019:4:14651858."},{"key":"4473_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","volume":"8","author":"J Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:45.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"4473_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60903-8","volume":"377","author":"A Booth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Booth A, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Moher D, Petticrew M, Stewart L. An international registry of systematic-review protocols. Lancet. 2011;377:108\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4473_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001009","volume":"8","author":"Editors PM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Editors PM. Best practice in systematic reviews: the importance of protocols and registration. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001009.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4473_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.12.001","volume":"123","author":"S Mueller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mueller S, Agostini H, Ehlken C, Bauer-Steinhusen U, Hasanbasic Z, Wilke T. Patient preferences in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a discrete choice experiment. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:876\u201383.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4473_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S513165","volume":"19","author":"A Kawasaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kawasaki A, Yuki M, Nakagawa S, Iwasaki K, Ochi H, Sugitani Y. Patient preference on age-related macular degeneration treatment: a systematic review. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2025;19:1639\u201352.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"4473_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272301","volume":"17","author":"S Ozdemir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ozdemir S, Finkelstein E, Lee JJ, Too IHK, Teo KYC, Tan ACS, et al. Understanding patient preferences in anti-VEGF treatment options for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0272301.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4473_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S347713","volume":"16","author":"A Giocanti-Aur\u00e9gan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giocanti-Aur\u00e9gan A, Garc\u00eda-Layana A, Peto T, Gentile B, Chi GC, Mirt M, et al. Drivers of and barriers to adherence to neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema treatment management plans: a multi-national qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:587\u2013604.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"4473_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S409103","volume":"17","author":"G Reitan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reitan G, Kjellevold Haugen IB, Andersen K, Bragadottir R, Bindesb\u00f8ll C. Through the eyes of patients: understanding treatment burden of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for nAMD patients in Norway. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:1465\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4473_CR52","first-page":"5281","volume":"16","author":"N Haddaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haddaway N, Grainger M, Gray C. Citationchaser: an R package and Shiny app for forward and backward citations chasing in academic searching. Zenodo. 2021;16:5281 10.","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"key":"4473_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","volume":"355","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, Savovi\u0107 J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","volume":"3","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Barrett J, Lu G, Ades A, White I. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Res Synth methods. 2012;3:98\u2013110.","journal-title":"Res Synth methods"},{"key":"4473_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.06.010","volume":"160","author":"R Brignardello-Petersen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brignardello-Petersen R, Tomlinson G, Florez I, Rind DM, Chu D, Morgan R, et al. Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation concept article 5: addressing intransitivity in a network meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023;160:151\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","volume":"368","author":"M Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:l6890.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/ebm.11.1.2-a","volume":"11","author":"G Guyatt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Vist G, Falck-Ytter Y, Kunz R, Magrini N, Schunemann H. An emerging consensus on grading recommendations? Evid Based Med. 2006;11:2\u20134.","journal-title":"Evid Based Med"},{"key":"4473_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0688-3","volume":"13","author":"S Lewin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewin S, Booth A, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Rashidian A, Wainwright M, et al. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings: introduction to the series. Implement Sci. 2018;13:2.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"4473_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.03.013","volume":"66","author":"J Andrews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:719\u201325.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:777\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4473_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"4473_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1565","volume":"166","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang K, Maru\u0161ic A, Qaseem A, Meerpohl JJ, Flottorp S, et al. A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:128\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4473_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111494","volume":"174","author":"M Klugar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klugar M, Lotfi T, Darzi AJ, Reinap M, Klugarov\u00e1 J, Kantorov\u00e1 L, et al. GRADE guidance 39: using GRADE-ADOLOPMENT to adopt, adapt or create contextualized recommendations from source guidelines and evidence syntheses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2024;174:111494.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4473_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i5191","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5191","volume":"354","author":"RA Siemieniuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siemieniuk RA, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, Guyatt GH, Brandt L, Vandvik PO. Introduction to BMJ rapid recommendations. BMJ. 2016;354:i5191.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j4090","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4090","volume":"358","author":"B Aertgeerts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, Siemieniuk RAC, Burgers J, Bekkering GE, Merglen A, et al. Corticosteroids for sore throat: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2017;358:j4090.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e082071","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082071","volume":"390","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Mustafa R, Manja V, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, Li S, et al. Cardiovascular, kidney related, and weight loss effects of therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: a living clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2025;390:e082071.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079970","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079970","volume":"388","author":"JW Busse","year":"2025","unstructured":"Busse JW, Genevay S, Agarwal A, Standaert CJ, Carneiro K, Friedrich J, et al. Commonly used interventional procedures for non-cancer chronic spine pain: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2025;388:e079970.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3379","volume":"370","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Hunt BJ, Stegemann M, Rochwerg B, Lamontagne F, Siemieniuk RA, et al. A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m3379.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n526","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n526","volume":"372","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Stegemann M, Agarwal A, Agoritsas T, Siemieniuk R, Rochwerg B, et al. A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19. BMJ. 2021;372:n526.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4473_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.2456","volume":"137","author":"DH Slentz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slentz DH, Nelson CC, Lichter PR. Characteristics of industry payments to ophthalmologists in the open payments database. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137:1038\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4473_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.4401","volume":"142","author":"N Paudel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paudel N, Brady L, Stratieva P, Galvin O, Lui B, Van den Brande I, et al. Economic burden of late-stage age-related macular degeneration in Bulgaria, Germany, and the US. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142:1123\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4473_CR73","first-page":"S3","volume":"24","author":"CC Wykoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wykoff CC, Clark WL, Nielsen JS, Brill JV, Greene LS, Heggen CL. Optimizing anti-VEGF treatment outcomes for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;24:S3\u2013s15.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"4473_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3456","volume":"136","author":"KB Lindsley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lindsley KB, Hutfless S, Hawkins BS, Blim JF, Roberts D, Olsen TW, et al. Evaluation of clinical questions and patient-important outcomes associated with the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136:1217\u201325.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4473_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2015.10.014","volume":"51","author":"JS Rayat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rayat JS, Grewal PS, Whelan J, Tennant MTS, Choudhry N. Canadian preference and trends survey results for anti-VEGF treatment of macular edema. Can J Ophthalmol. 2016;51:233\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4473_CR76","unstructured":"SYFOVRE (pegcetacoplan injection), for intravitreal use. United States Prescribing Information. US Food and Drug Administration. 2021"},{"key":"4473_CR77","unstructured":"IZERVAY\u2122 (avacincaptad pegol intravitreal solution) prescribing information. 2023 Available at: https:\/\/ivericbio.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/IZERVAY-avacincaptad-pegol-intravitreal-solution-PI_Final_8.4.23.pdf."},{"key":"4473_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.006","volume":"119","author":"JS Heier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heier JS, Brown DM, Chong V, Korobelnik JF, Kaiser PK, Nguyen QD, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2537\u201348.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4473_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01583-0","volume":"402","author":"AM Khanani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khanani AM, Patel SS, Staurenghi G, Tadayoni R, Danzig CJ, Eichenbaum DA, et al. Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402:1449\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4473_CR80","unstructured":"A Phase III Multicenter Randomized, Sham Controlled, Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of NT-501 in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2. 2017."},{"key":"4473_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003980","volume":"44","author":"D Boyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyer D, Hu A, Warrow D, Xavier S, Gonzalez V, Lad E, et al. LIGHTSITE III: 13-month efficacy and safety evaluation of multiwavelength photobiomodulation in nonexudative (dry) age-related macular degeneration using the Lumithera Valeda Light Delivery System. Retina. 2024;44:487\u201397.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4473_CR82","unstructured":"Hutton D. Opthea highlights latest phase 3 trials for sozinibercept. Ophthalmology Times. 2024. https:\/\/www.ophthalmologytimes.com\/view\/opthea-highlights-latest-phase-3-trials-for-sozinibercept."},{"key":"4473_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02269-y","volume":"37","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhary V, Sarohia GS, Phillips MR, Park D, Xie J, Zeraatkar D, et al. Role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in the management of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy without centre-involving diabetic macular oedema: a meta-analysis of trials. Eye. 2023;37:1966\u201374.","journal-title":"Eye"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04473-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04473-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04473-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:03:41Z","timestamp":1783440221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04473-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-026-04473-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JPL: None. DZ: None. DHS: Consultant for Alcon, BVI, DORC, Roche, Alimera, Eyepoint, Complement therapeutics, Sitala, AviadoBio; Research funding: Alcon, Bayer, DORC, BVI, Boehringer-Ingelheim. TYW is a consultant for Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Genentech, Iveric Bio, Novartis, Oxurion, Plano, Roche, Sanofi, and Shanghai Henlius. He is an inventor, holds patents and is a co-founder of start-up companies EyRiS and Visre, which have interests in, and develop digital solutions for eye diseases. CCW reports consulting for 4DMT, AbbVie, Adverum, Alcon, Alimera, Alkeus, Annexon, Apellis, Aviceda, Bayer, Biocryst, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clearside, EyeBiotech, EyePoint, Genentech, InGel, Janssen, Kiora, KodiakMerck, Neurotech, Novartis, Ocuphire, ONL, Opthea, Osanni, Panther, Perceive Bio, Ray, Regeneron, RegenXBio, Sanofi, Santen, Stealth, Valo, Zeiss. VC reports acting as an advisory board member, grants and other from Novartis; acting as an advisory board member, grants and other from Bayer; grants from Allergan; acting as an advisory board member and grants from Roche; acting as an advisory board member for Janssen; acting as an advisory board member for Apellis; acting as an advisory board member for Boehringer Ingelheim, and acting as an advisory board member for EyePoint outside the submitted work. Member of the Eye editorial board.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}