{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:50:41Z","timestamp":1789102241621,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EY024236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EY024236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY025585(BA-A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is unknown if ocular migraine patients have an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. This study aimed to determine if cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events were elevated among those with ocular migraine compared to controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cohort study utilised a platform of aggregate, de-identified electronic health record data to identify patients with a diagnostic code for ocular migraine based on ICD codes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921,949). Ocular migraine patients were compared to ophthalmology (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,492,348), migraine with aura (MA) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009129,099) and migraine without aura (MO) controls. Cohorts were propensity score matched on current age, sex, race\/ethnicity, diabetes, essential hypertension, lipoprotein disorders, atherosclerosis and body mass index. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A risk ratio between 0.9 and 1.1 was considered not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with ophthalmology controls\u2009\u2265\u200950 years old, patients with a diagnostic code ocular migraine had an increased risk of all outcomes, with a risk ratio of 1.48 (95% CI 1.33, 1.64), transient ischemic stroke 2.68 (2.20, 3.27) and cerebral infarct 1.81 (1.55, 2.10). These findings continued to be significant among the\u2009\u2265\u200965 years old cases and controls. Compared to patients with MA or MO, patients had a comparable risk of all outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with a diagnostic code for ocular migraine\u2009\u2265\u200950 years old had a 48% increased risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular outcomes, compared to ophthalmology controls. Future retrospective and prospective cohort analyses are needed to further verify these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-026-04479-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:13:27Z","timestamp":1777443207000},"page":"1515-1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with an ICD code for ocular migraine"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7873-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline K.","family":"Shaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2577-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Kaelber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Talcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4479_CR1","unstructured":"Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Xu J, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2014. Key findings, Data from the National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Published online in 2014. Accessed October 3, 2024. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db229_table.pdf#1."},{"key":"4479_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kochanek K, Murphy SL, Xu J, Arias E Mortality in the United States, 2022. Published online December 26, 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/CDC:135850.","DOI":"10.15620\/CDC:135850"},{"key":"4479_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398","volume":"120","author":"AK Boehme","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120:472 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"4479_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002465","volume":"44","author":"S Sacco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sacco S, Ornello R, Ripa P, Pistoia F, Carolei A. Migraine and hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44:3032\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002465.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4479_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AMJMED.2009.12.021","volume":"123","author":"JT Spector","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spector JT, Kahn SR, Jones MR, Jayakumar M, Dalal D, Nazarian S. Migraine headache and ischemic stroke risk: an updated meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123:612\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.AMJMED.2009.12.021.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4479_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416642602\/SUPPL_FILE\/SUPPLEMENTARY_TABLE.PDF","volume":"37","author":"KP Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng KP, Chen YT, Fuh JL, Tang CH, Wang SJ. Migraine and incidence of ischemic stroke: a nationwide population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2017;37:327\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102416642602\/SUPPL_FILE\/SUPPLEMENTARY_TABLE.PDF.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"4479_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2610","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.I2610","volume":"353","author":"T Kurth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kurth T, Winter AC, Eliassen AH, Dushkes R, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2016;353:i2610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.I2610.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4479_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/SVN-2017-000077","volume":"2","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Parikh A, Qian S. Migraine and stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017;2:160\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/SVN-2017-000077.","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"4479_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/JNNP-2018-318254","volume":"91","author":"LR \u00d8ie","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d8ie LR, \u00d8ie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, Gulati S, Dodick DW. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:593\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/JNNP-2018-318254.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4479_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106067","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSTROKECEREBROVASDIS.2021.106067","volume":"30","author":"MC Chiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiang MC, Dumitrascu OM, Chhabra N, Chiang CC. Migraine with visual aura and the risk of stroke- a narrative review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30:106067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JSTROKECEREBROVASDIS.2021.106067.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"4479_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.2009.932","volume":"301","author":"AI Scher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scher AI, Gudmundsson LS, Sigurdsson S, Ghambaryan A, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, et al. Migraine headache in middle age and late-life brain infarcts. JAMA. 2009;301:2563\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMA.2009.932.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4479_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/VISION5030038","volume":"5","author":"YJ Chong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chong YJ, Mollan SP, Logeswaran A, Sinclair AB, Wakerley BR. Current perspective on retinal migraine. Vision. 2021;5:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/VISION5030038.","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"4479_CR13","first-page":"2425","volume":"65","author":"S Cayenne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cayenne S, Digbeu B, Gupta PK. Exploring the prevalence of ocular migraine, stroke, and stroke comorbidities: a retrospective analysis. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65:2425.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4479_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60694-7\/ASSET\/88026F47-71D7-4F6D-9790-F87115F5FB4C\/MAIN.ASSETS\/GR4.JPG","volume":"371","author":"GA Donnan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM. Stroke. Lancet. 2008;371:1612\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60694-7\/ASSET\/88026F47-71D7-4F6D-9790-F87115F5FB4C\/MAIN.ASSETS\/GR4.JPG.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4479_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.39335.541782.AD","volume":"335","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Br Med J. 2007;335:806 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.39335.541782.AD.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"4479_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0B013E3181A71220","volume":"72","author":"ME Bigal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bigal ME, Kurth T, Hu H, Santanello N, Lipton RB. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms of interaction. Neurology. 2009;72:1864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0B013E3181A71220.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4479_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000151857.43225.49","volume":"64","author":"AI Scher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scher AI, Terwindt GM, Picavet HSJ, Verschuren WMM, Ferrari MD, Launer LJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine: the GEM population-based study. Neurology. 2005;64:614\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000151857.43225.49.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4479_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1526-4610.2007.00719.X","volume":"47","author":"C Cavestro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cavestro C, Rosatello A, Micca G, Ravotto M, Marino MP, Asteggiano G, et al. Insulin metabolism is altered in migraineurs: a new pathogenic mechanism for migraine? Headache. 2007;47:1436\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1526-4610.2007.00719.X.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"4479_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/S11916-008-0036-Z","volume":"12","author":"ME Bigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Putative mechanisms of the relationship between obesity and migraine progression. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12:207\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11916-008-0036-Z.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"4479_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006982\/ASSET\/EDF721B9-0453-4883-A7B0-B87B2CFC25CD\/ASSETS\/GRAPHIC\/229FIG05.JPEG","volume":"46","author":"K Eikermann-Haerter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eikermann-Haerter K, Lee JH, Yalcin N, Yu ES, Daneshmand A, Wei Y, et al. Migraine prophylaxis, ischemic depolarizations, and stroke outcomes in mice. Stroke. 2015;46:229\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006982\/ASSET\/EDF721B9-0453-4883-A7B0-B87B2CFC25CD\/ASSETS\/GRAPHIC\/229FIG05.JPEG.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"4479_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1468-2982.2006.01206.X","volume":"26","author":"BM Grosberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grosberg BM, Solomon S, Friedman DI, Lipton RB. Retinal migraine reappraised. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:1275\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1468-2982.2006.01206.X.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"4479_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000294329.93565.94","volume":"70","author":"ST Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee ST, Chu K, Jung KH, Kim DH, Kim EH, Choe VN, et al. Decreased number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with migraine. Neurology. 2008;70:1510\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000294329.93565.94.","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04479-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04479-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04479-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:21:40Z","timestamp":1783434100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04479-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-026-04479-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"RPS reports personal fees from Apellis, Iveric Bio, Eyepoint, Regenxbio, Genentech, Bausch and Lomb, Zeiss, Alcon, and Regeneron, and research grants from Janssen. KET: Alimera (consultant), AbbVie (consultant), Apellis (consultant), Astellas (Speaker\u2019s bureau), Eyepoint (consultant), Genentech (consultant, speaker\u2019s bureau), Outlook (consultant), Regeneron (consultant, research), Zeiss (speaker, research, consultant). JKS: Impact Education\u2014Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}