{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:52:13Z","timestamp":1781513533803,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Formed part of NIHR Integrated Clinical Academic Internship (for the first authors)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-026-04504-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:47:01Z","timestamp":1778312821000},"page":"1285-1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) identification of anterior chamber hyper-reflective particles: a meta-analytic approach to methods and metrics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5333-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Butterworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1874-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4237","volume":"131","author":"NR Acharya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Acharya NR, Tham VM, Esterberg E, Borkar DS, Parker JV, Vinoya AC, et al. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:1405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4237.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.031","volume":"280","author":"N Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma N, Bari A, Rao SK, Agrawal R, Allen PJ, Buchan JC, et al. Controversies, Consensuses, and Guidelines on Preventing, Diagnosing and Managing Acute-onset Bacterial Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO), the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society (APVRS), and the Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Inflammation and Infection (APSOII). Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;280:436\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.031.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721241306225","volume":"35","author":"HM Le","year":"2024","unstructured":"Le HM, Querques G, Guenoun S, El Ghazi D, Haddad WM, Mouallem A, et al. Acute intraocular inflammation following intravitreal injections of faricimab: a multicentric case series. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024;35:1358\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721241306225.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_153_24","volume":"39","author":"C Barresi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barresi C, Baldo F, Menean M, Marino A, Costi S, Chighizola CB, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and associated uveitis: a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2025;39:31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_153_24.","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042","volume":"161","author":"G Rogler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogler G, Singh A, Kavanaugh A, Rubin DT. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts, treatment, and implications for disease management. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1118\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4504_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bradley LJ, Ward A, Hsue MCY, Liu J, Copland DA, Dick AD, et al. Quantitative assessment of experimental ocular inflammatory disease. Front Immun. 2021;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.630022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.630022"},{"key":"4504_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","volume":"140","author":"D Jabs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jabs D, Nussenblatt R, Rosenbaum J. and Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154379","volume":"11","author":"N Yoshihara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshihara N, Terasaki H, Shiihara H, Funatsu R, Yamashita T, Sakamoto T. Quantification of anterior chamber particles using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in angle-closure glaucoma patients after laser iridotomy. J Clin Med. 2022;11:4379\u20134379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11154379.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4504_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.04.027","volume":"148","author":"IG Wong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wong IG, Nugent AK, Vargas-Mart\u00edn F. The effect of biomicroscope illumination system on grading anterior chamber inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:516\u2013.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.04.027.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.005","volume":"69","author":"HH Oo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oo HH, Mohan M, Song W, Rojas-Carabali W, Tsui E, De-la-Torre A, et al. Anterior chamber inflammation grading methods: a critical review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2024;69:253\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.005.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320448","volume":"107","author":"K Etherton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Etherton K, Rahi JS, Petrushkin H, Dick AD, Akbarali S, Pattani R, et al. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of anterior segment optical coherence tomography capture of disease state in childhood anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;107:966\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320448.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR12","unstructured":"Butterworth E, Choi J. Available at: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251065873. 2025."},{"key":"4504_CR13","unstructured":"Covidence. Covidence - Better systematic review management. 2025. Covidence. Available at: https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/."},{"key":"4504_CR14","unstructured":"Goulas G. How can I cite Covidence? support.covidence.org. 2022. Available at: https:\/\/support.covidence.org\/help\/how-can-i-cite-covidence. 2025."},{"key":"4504_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.05.012","volume":"241","author":"E Tsui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsui E, Chen JL, Jackson NJ, Leyva O, Rasheed H, Baghdasaryan E, et al. Quantification of anterior chamber cells in children with uveitis using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;241:254\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.05.012.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-025-00456-y","volume":"15","author":"S Pillar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pillar S, Kadomoto S, Chen K, Gonzalez SS, Cherian N, Privratsky JK, et al. Automated quantification of anterior chamber cells using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2025;15:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-025-00456-y.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"4504_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulikov AN, Maltsev DS, Kazak AA, Burnasheva MA. Anterior chamber particles are associated with a reduction of intraocular pressure after selective laser trabeculoplasty. Br J Ophthalmol 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315445.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315445"},{"key":"4504_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03697-2","volume":"39","author":"A Bellchambers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bellchambers A, Shu R, Chu CJ, Petrushkin H, Solebo AL. Differentiation of anterior chamber pigment and inflammatory cells using swept-source optical coherence tomography: a cross-sectional study. Eye. 2025;39:1744\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-03697-2.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"4504_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.024","volume":"147","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Ashokkumar D, Jacob S, Agarwal A, Saravanan Y. High-speed optical coherence tomography for imaging anterior chamber inflammatory reaction in uveitis: clinical correlation and grading. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:413\u2013.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.024.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.07.018","volume":"270","author":"P Uthayananthan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uthayananthan P, Tanwar N, Rahi JS, Dick AD, Solebo AL. Imaging-based detection of anterior chamber inflammation: a comparative diagnostic accuracy study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;270:131\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.07.018.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41530","volume":"73","author":"S Akbarali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akbarali S, Rahi JS, Dick AD, Parkash K, Etherton K, Edelsten C, et al. Imaging-based uveitis surveillance in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: feasibility, acceptability and diagnostic performance. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:330\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41530.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"4504_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.1.9","volume":"65","author":"AL Solebo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solebo AL, Bellchambers A, Kellett S, Rahi JS, Dick AD. Establishing the normative data set necessary for imaging-based childhood uveitis surveillance: a cross-sectional study. Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.1.9.","journal-title":"Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4504_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001364","volume":"50","author":"M Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma M, Wang M, Zhang X, Shao Y, Li X. Effects of a fortified balanced salt solution and Ringer\u2019s lactate solution on anterior chamber inflammation after phacoemulsification in diabetes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2024;50:352\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000001364.","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"4504_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89794-0","volume":"11","author":"TS Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang TS, Lee Y, Lee S, Kim K, Lee W, Lee W, et al. Development of fully automated anterior chamber cell analysis based on image software. Sci Rep. 2021;11:10670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89794-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4504_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142451","volume":"13","author":"F Gozzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gozzi F, Bertolini M, Gentile P, Verzellesi L, Trojani V, De Simone L, et al. Artificial intelligence-assisted processing of anterior segment OCT images in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma. Diagnostics. 2023;13:2451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13142451.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4504_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14739","volume":"99","author":"V Lloren\u00e7","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lloren\u00e7 V, Serrano AR, Mesquida M, Lin P, Esquinas C, Sainz-de-la-Maza M, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography objective composite activity score for uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99:756\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14739.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.032","volume":"216","author":"M Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu M, Wang X, Lei L, Deng Y, Yang T, Dai Y. Quantitative analysis of anterior chamber inflammation using the novel CASIA2 optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;216:59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.032.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.013","volume":"124","author":"A Invernizzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Invernizzi A, Marchi S, Aldigeri R, Mastrofilippo V, Viscogliosi F, Soldani A, et al. Objective quantification of anterior chamber inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:1670\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.013.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4504_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-1005-0","volume":"39","author":"E Baghdasaryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baghdasaryan E, Tepelus TC, Marion KM, Huang J, Huang P, Sadda SR, et al. Analysis of ocular inflammation in the anterior chamber\u2014involving uveitis using swept-source anterior segment OCT. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39:1793\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-018-1005-0.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4504_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0b013e31829f73bd","volume":"34","author":"AO Igbre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Igbre AO, Rico MC, Garg SJ. High-speed optical coherence tomography as a reliable adjuvant tool to grade ocular anterior chamber inflammation. Retina. 2014;34:504\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0b013e31829f73bd.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4504_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/t7pn4v","volume":"42","author":"C Del-Prado-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Del-Prado-S\u00e1nchez C, Llorca-Carde\u00f1osa A, Yeste-Mayoral B, Grixolli-Mazzon S, Barros-Centeno MF, D\u00edaz-Cascajosa J, et al. Optical coherence tomography for the screening of anterior chamber inflammation in paediatric patients diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42:1507\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/t7pn4v.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"4504_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112703","volume":"12","author":"H Keino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keino H, Aman T, Furuya R, Nakayama M, Okada AA, Sunayama W, et al. Automated quantitative analysis of anterior segment inflammation using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography: a pilot study. Diagnostics. 2022;12:2703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12112703.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4504_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3993","volume":"30","author":"AB Schroeder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schroeder AB, Dobson ETA, Rueden CT, Tomancak P, Jug F, Eliceiri KW. The ImageJ ecosystem: Open-source software for image visualization, processing, and analysis. Protein Sci. 2020;30:234\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.3993.","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"4504_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.032","volume":"122","author":"S Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma S, Lowder CY, Vasanji A, Baynes K, Kaiser PK, Srivastava SK. Automated analysis of anterior chamber inflammation by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1464\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.032.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Eye"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04504-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04504-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04504-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:54:48Z","timestamp":1781510088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-026-04504-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-026-04504-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-222X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5454","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}