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Our aim was to identify core genes for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by testing for association with genome-wide aggregated <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-effects (GATE) scores for gene expression in a large genetic dataset (5267\/4909 SLE cases\/controls). SLE was strongly associated with upregulation of expression of eight interferon-stimulated genes driven by shared <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-effects. We estimate that <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-effects on interferon signaling account for 9% of the total genetic effect on SLE risk. Outside this pathway, GATE analysis detected twenty putative core genes for SLE. Direct protein measurements for these genes were strongly associated with SLE in UK Biobank. Two putative core genes (<jats:italic>TNFRSF17<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNFRSF13B<\/jats:italic>) encode receptors (BCMA, TACI) expressed on B cells; their ligands (BAFF, APRIL) are targeted by drugs licensed or in development for SLE. Four genes (<jats:italic>PDCD1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LAG3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNFRSF9<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CD27<\/jats:italic>) encode receptors that have been characterized as immune checkpoints, and three (<jats:italic>CD5L<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SIGLEC1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CXCL13<\/jats:italic>) are biomarkers of SLE disease activity. These results provide genetic support for existing drug targets in SLE (interferon signaling, BAFF\/APRIL signaling) and identify other possible therapeutic targets including immune checkpoint receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-025-00352-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:38:54Z","timestamp":1756913934000},"page":"497-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Discovery of core genes for systemic lupus erythematosus via genome-wide aggregated trans-effects analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrii","family":"Iakovliev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Castellini-Pe\u0301rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buddhiprabha","family":"Erabadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PRECISESADS Clinical Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PRECISESADS Flow Cytometry Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2202-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Marti\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Barturen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5217-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"McKeigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Carnero-Montoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta E.","family":"Alarco\u0301n-Riquelme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-6585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Spiliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40512","volume":"70","author":"EY Yen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yen EY, Singh RR. 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