{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:53:02Z","timestamp":1785826382180,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Immun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-026-00404-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:21:53Z","timestamp":1783776113000},"page":"487-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential role of Akkermansia massiliensis in multiple sclerosis protection by the FcRL3 gene"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Orr\u00f9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Marongiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3878-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3033-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zoledziewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"404_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00471-9","volume":"22","author":"F Aloisi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aloisi F, Giovannoni G, Salvetti M. Epstein-Barr virus as a cause of multiple sclerosis: opportunities for prevention and therapy. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:338\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"404_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","volume":"375","author":"K Bjornevik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, Kuhle J, Mina MJ, Leng Y, et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science. 2022;375:296\u2013301.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"404_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10554","volume":"479","author":"K Berer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berer K, Mues M, Koutrolos M, Rasbi ZA, Boziki M, Johner C, et al. Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination. Nature. 2011;479:538\u201341.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"404_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steimle A, Neumann M, Grant ET, Willieme S, De Sciscio A, Parrish A et al. Gut microbial factors predict disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Microbiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-024-01761-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01761-3"},{"key":"404_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.03.016","volume":"18","author":"M Zoledziewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zoledziewska M. The gut microbiota perspective for interventions in MS. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:814\u201324.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"404_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02096-3","volume":"57","author":"A Tokolyi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tokolyi A, Persyn E, Nath AP, Burnham KL, Marten J, Vanderstichele T, et al. The contribution of genetic determinants of blood gene expression and splicing to molecular phenotypes and health outcomes. Nat Genet. 2025;57:616\u201325.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00747-1","volume":"53","author":"MC R\u00fchlemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00fchlemann MC, Hermes BM, Bang C, Doms S, Moitinho-Silva L, Thingholm LB, et al. Genome-wide association study in 8,956 German individuals identifies influence of ABO histo-blood groups on gut microbiome. Nat Genet. 2021;53:147\u201355.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","volume":"48","author":"MJ Bonder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonder MJ, Kurilshikov A, Tigchelaar EF, Mujagic Z, Imhann F, Vila AV, et al. The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1407\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0743-8","volume":"5","author":"DA Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes DA, Bacigalupe R, Wang J, R\u00fchlemann MC, Tito RY, Falony G, et al. Genome-wide associations of human gut microbiome variation and implications for causal inference analyses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:1079\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"404_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0747-x","volume":"7","author":"P Scepanovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scepanovic P, Hodel F, Mondot S, Partula V, Byrd A, Hammer C, et al. A comprehensive assessment of demographic, environmental, and host genetic associations with gut microbiome diversity in healthy individuals. Microbiome. 2019;7:130.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"404_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00992-y","volume":"54","author":"EA Lopera-Maya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopera-Maya EA, Kurilshikov A, van der Graaf A, Hu S, Andreu-S\u00e1nchez S, Chen L, et al. Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the Dutch Microbiome Project. Nat Genet. 2022;54:143\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00763-1","volume":"53","author":"A Kurilshikov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurilshikov A, Medina-Gomez C, Bacigalupe R, Radjabzadeh D, Wang J, Demirkan A, et al. Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition. Nat Genet. 2021;53:156\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00991-z","volume":"54","author":"Y Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin Y, Havulinna AS, Liu Y, Jousilahti P, Ritchie SC, Tokolyi A, et al. Combined effects of host genetics and diet on human gut microbiota and incident disease in a single population cohort. Nat Genet. 2022;54:134\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","volume":"183","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Jelcic I, M\u00fchlenbruch L, Haunerdinger V, Toussaint NC, Zhao Y, et al. HLA-DR15 Molecules Jointly Shape an Autoreactive T Cell Repertoire in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell. 2020;183:1264\u201381.e20.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"404_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.009","volume":"25","author":"DF Zegarra-Ruiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zegarra-Ruiz DF, El Beidaq A, I\u00f1iguez AJ, Lubrano Di Ricco M, Manfredo Vieira S, Ruff WE, et al. A diet-sensitive commensal lactobacillus strain mediates TLR7-dependent systemic autoimmunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25:113\u201327.e6.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"404_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09093-8","volume":"68","author":"EJ Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han EJ, Ahn J-S, Chae YJ, Chung H-J. Immunomodulatory roles of faecalibacterium prausnitzii and akkermansia muciniphila in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68:77.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000688","volume":"7","author":"A Vallino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vallino A, Dos Santos A, Math\u00e9 CV, Garcia A, Morille J, Dugast E, et al. Gut bacteria Akkermansia elicit a specific IgG response in CSF of patients with MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7:e688.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"404_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14165771","volume":"14","author":"C Cruciani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cruciani C, Math\u00e9 C, Puthenparampil M, Tomas-Ojer P, Docampo MJ, Opfer R, et al. Intrathecal anti-akkermansia muciniphila IgG responses in multiple sclerosis patients linked to CSF immune cells and disease activity. J Clin Med. 2025;14:5771.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"404_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adl6149","volume":"16","author":"PJ Gleeson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gleeson PJ, Benech N, Chemouny J, Metallinou E, Berthelot L, da Silva J, et al. The gut microbiota posttranslationally modifies IgA1 in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Sci Transl Med. 2024;16:eadl6149.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"404_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02427-7","volume":"22","author":"N Karcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karcher N, Nigro E, Pun\u010doch\u00e1\u0159 M, Blanco-M\u00edguez A, Ciciani M, Manghi P, et al. Genomic diversity and ecology of human-associated Akkermansia species in the gut microbiome revealed by extensive metagenomic assembly. Genome Biol. 2021;22:209.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"404_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25873-0","volume":"12","author":"S Ndongo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ndongo S, Armstrong N, Raoult D, Fournier P-E. Reclassification of eight Akkermansia muciniphila strains and description of Akkermansia massiliensis sp. nov. and Candidatus Akkermansia timonensis, isolated from human feces. Sci Rep. 2022;12:21747.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"404_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr2032177","volume":"384","author":"SS Zamvil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamvil SS, Hauser SL. Antigen presentation by B cells in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:378\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"404_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141541","volume":"25","author":"RS Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis RS. Fc receptor-like molecules. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:525\u201360.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4RU0221-102RR","volume":"111","author":"M Tolnay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tolnay M. Lymphocytes sense antibodies through human FCRL proteins: Emerging roles in mucosal immunity. J Leukoc Biol. 2022;111:477\u201387.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"404_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243068","volume":"43","author":"FJ Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li FJ, Schreeder DM, Li R, Wu J, Davis RS. FCRL3 promotes TLR9-induced B-cell activation and suppresses plasma cell differentiation. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43:2980\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1180","volume":"48","author":"S Ullrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ullrich S, Guig\u00f3 R. Dynamic changes in intron retention are tightly associated with regulation of splicing factors and proliferative activity during B-cell development. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:1327\u201340.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"404_CR27","first-page":"24318500","volume":"2024","author":"L Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng L, Atlas K, Lama T, Chitnis T, Weiner H. GWAS highlights the neuronal contribution to multiple sclerosis susceptibility. medRxiv. 2024;2024:24318500","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"404_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-02019-8","volume":"56","author":"C Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian C, Zhang Y, Tong Y, Kock KH, Sim DY, Liu F, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood links cell-type-specific regulation of splicing to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Genet. 2024;56:2739\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1540","volume":"37","author":"Y Kochi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kochi Y, Yamada R, Suzuki A, Harley JB, Shirasawa S, Sawada T, et al. A functional variant in FCRL3, encoding Fc receptor-like 3, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and several autoimmunities. Nat Genet. 2005;37:478\u201385.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7188","volume":"365","author":"International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium.","year":"2019","unstructured":"International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility. Science. 2019;365:eaav7188.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"404_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219065","volume":"80","author":"E Ha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ha E, Bae S-C, Kim K. Large-scale meta-analysis across East Asian and European populations updated genetic architecture and variant-driven biology of rheumatoid arthritis, identifying 11 novel susceptibility loci. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:558\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"404_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219209","volume":"80","author":"X Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin X, Kim K, Suetsugu H, Bang S-Y, Wen L, Koido M, et al. Meta-analysis of 208370 East Asians identifies 113 susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:632\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"404_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0640-3","volume":"52","author":"K Ishigaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishigaki K, Akiyama M, Kanai M, Takahashi A, Kawakami E, Sugishita H, et al. Large-scale genome-wide association study in a Japanese population identifies novel susceptibility loci across different diseases. Nat Genet. 2020;52:669\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"404_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad070","volume":"146","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Zhou J, Xu Y. Potential drug targets for multiple sclerosis identified through Mendelian randomization analysis. Brain. 2023;146:3364\u201372.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"404_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.1","volume":"16","author":"MD Rosenblum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenblum MD, Way SS, Abbas AK. Regulatory T cell memory. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:90\u2013101.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.114","volume":"16","author":"JL Kubinak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kubinak JL, Round JL. Do antibodies select a healthy microbiota? Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:767\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.099","volume":"30","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Kraus Z, Dement-Brown J, Alabi O, Starost K, Tolnay M. Human Fc receptor-like 3 inhibits regulatory T cell function and binds secretory IgA. Cell Rep. 2020;30:1292\u20131299.e3.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"404_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100248","volume":"3","author":"G Kerner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerner G, Neehus A-L, Philippot Q, Bohlen J, Rinchai D, Kerrouche N, et al. Genetic adaptation to pathogens and increased risk of inflammatory disorders in post-Neolithic Europe. Cell Genom. 2023;3:100248.","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"404_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623","volume":"30","author":"SZ Josefowicz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Josefowicz SZ, Lu L-F, Rudensky AY. Regulatory T cells: mechanisms of differentiation and function. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:531\u201364.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"404_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn1335","volume":"11","author":"S Soya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soya S, Toda K, Sakurai K, Cherasse Y, Saito YC, Abe M, et al. Central amygdala NPBWR1 neurons facilitate social novelty seeking and new social interactions. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eadn1335.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"404_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.08.010","volume":"28","author":"PF Zaratin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zaratin PF, Quattrini A, Previtali SC, Comi G, Hervieu G, Scheideler MA. Schwann cell overexpression of the GPR7 receptor in inflammatory and painful neuropathies. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2005;28:55\u201363.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"404_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1230","volume":"15","author":"L Marcos-Kovandzic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marcos-Kovandzic L, Avagliano M, Ben Khelil M, Srikanthan J, Abdallah R, Petrocelli V, et al. Gut microbiota modulation through akkermansia spp. supplementation increases CAR T-cell potency. Cancer Discov. 2025;15:1905\u201326.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"}],"container-title":["Genes & Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41435-026-00404-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41435-026-00404-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41435-026-00404-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:38:31Z","timestamp":1785825511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41435-026-00404-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41435-026-00404-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-5470"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-5470","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. EC discloses that she has served on advisory boards and steering committees, and received speaker\/writing honoraria, research grants, and travel funds from Alexion, Amgen, BMS, Biogen Idec, Janssen, Merc, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, and Roche. However, the author declares that these activities bear no relation to the subject matter of this manuscript\/presentation and therefore represent no conflict of interest for the present work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}