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Recently, the gut microbiota (GM) has gained attention for its potential involvement in blood pressure regulation; however, polyamine metabolism involvement remains poorly understood. Sixty participants aged \u226540 years from Shika Town, Japan, were stratified into four groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915 each) based on mean blood pressure and urinary sodium chloride (u-NaCl) excretion. The clinical parameters were evaluated, and fecal samples were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing to assess the microbial composition and abundance of genes related to arginine\u2013polyamine metabolism. Three major findings were observed: (1) Significant differences in the \u03b1-diversity of GM were observed between salt-sensitive and non\u2013salt-sensitive hypertensive groups; (2) The abundance of spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16), a key enzyme in polyamine metabolism with known antihypertensive effects, was significantly higher in normotensive individuals, independent of u-NaCl excretion; and (3) Bacterial species harboring polyamine metabolic enzyme genes, including EC 2.5.1.16, differed significantly between groups, suggesting group-specific microbial metabolic traits. These findings suggest that GM-mediated polyamine metabolism may contribute to the regulation of salt-sensitive blood pressure. While variations in spermidine-producing bacteria and the involvement of EC 2.5.1.16 were observed, these factors alone do not fully account for the intergroup differences related to salt intake. Thus, polyamine metabolism likely plays a part in salt sensitivity, but additional microbial and host factors are also involved. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to explore microbiota-targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-025-02490-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:25:49Z","timestamp":1766049949000},"page":"958-968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiota\u2013derived polyamine pathways associated with mean blood pressure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Ikagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigefumi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouki","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rikako","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Tsujiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akinori","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Hosomichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Karashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","volume":"42","author":"S Umemura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. 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