{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:48:23Z","timestamp":1785509303132,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hypertens Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-026-02585-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T03:49:19Z","timestamp":1772077759000},"page":"1749-1759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between pro-inflammatory diet and incidence of hypertension: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Abbas","family":"Nikpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Pourmontaseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matin","family":"Sepehrinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Vahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Farjam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Homayounfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azizallah","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2585_CR1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957\u201380."},{"key":"2585_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002021","volume":"37","author":"BM Egan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Egan BM, Kjeldsen SE, Grassi G, Esler M, Mancia G. The global burden of hypertension exceeds 1.4 billion people: should a systolic blood pressure target below 130 become the universal standard?. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1148\u201353.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2585_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.003","volume":"129","author":"SE Kjeldsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kjeldsen SE. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk: general aspects. Pharm Res. 2018;129:95\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2585_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795\u2013820.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0"},{"key":"2585_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321762","volume":"132","author":"M Burnier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burnier M, Damianaki A. Hypertension as cardiovascular risk factor in chronic kidney disease. Circ Res. 2023;132:1050\u201363.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2585_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1923\u201394.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"key":"2585_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:634\u201347.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70102-0"},{"key":"2585_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.92689","volume":"16","author":"E Wierzejska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wierzejska E, Gierna\u015b B, Lipiak A, Karasiewicz M, Cofta M, Staszewski R. A global perspective on the costs of hypertension: a systematic review. Arch Med Sci. 2020;16:1078\u201391.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2585_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","volume":"41","author":"G Mancia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstr\u00f6m M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41:1874\u20132071.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2585_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl019","volume":"21","author":"P Pauletto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pauletto P, Rattazzi M. Inflammation and hypertension: the search for a link. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2006;21:850\u20133.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"2585_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318052","volume":"128","author":"MS Madhur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madhur MS, Elijovich F, Alexander MR, Pitzer A, Ishimwe J, Van Beusecum JP, et al. Hypertension: Do inflammation and immunity hold the key to solving this epidemic?. Circ Res. 2021;128:908\u201333.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2585_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1098725","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Zhou X. Role of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in hypertension: new insights and potential therapeutic targets. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1098725.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2585_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.09.016","volume":"19","author":"DM Patrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrick DM, Van Beusecum JP, Kirabo A. The role of inflammation in hypertension: novel concepts. Curr Opin Physiol. 2021;19:92\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Physiol"},{"key":"2585_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0160-5","volume":"19","author":"GR Drummond","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drummond GR, Vinh A, Guzik TJ, Sobey CG. Immune mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:517\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2585_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334\u201357.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2585_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa041","volume":"11","author":"CD Filippou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filippou CD, Tsioufis CP, Thomopoulos CG, Mihas CC, Dimitriadis KS, Sotiropoulou LI, et al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:1150\u201360.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.01.030","volume":"40","author":"CD Filippou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Filippou CD, Thomopoulos CG, Kouremeti MM, Sotiropoulou LI, Nihoyannopoulos PI, Tousoulis DM, et al. Mediterranean diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:3191\u2013200.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385703","volume":"25","author":"L Galland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galland L. Diet and inflammation. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:634\u201340.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"2585_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab086","volume":"13","author":"L Koelman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koelman L, Egea Rodrigues C, Aleksandrova K. Effects of dietary patterns on biomarkers of inflammation and immune responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2022;13:101\u201315.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00674-9","volume":"20","author":"MJ Hart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart MJ, Torres SJ, McNaughton SA, Milte CM. Dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic review of observational studies. Nutr J. 2021;20:24.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2585_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.020","volume":"51","author":"A Christ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christ A, Lauterbach M, Latz E. Western diet and the immune system: an inflammatory connection. Immunity. 2019;51:794\u2013811.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2585_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","volume":"17","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, H\u00e9bert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:1689\u201396.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","volume":"10","author":"JR H\u00e9bert","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert JR, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hussey JR, Hurley TG. Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)\u2014lessons learned, improvements made, and future directions. Adv Nutr. 2019;10:185\u201395.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.647122","volume":"8","author":"FH Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu FH, Liu C, Gong TT, Gao S, Sun H, Jiang YT, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Health Outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analyses of observational studies. Front Nutr. 2021;8:647122.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.11.032","volume":"65","author":"M Sepehrinia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sepehrinia M, Khanmohammadi S, Rezaei N, Kuchay MS. Dietary inflammatory potential and metabolic (dysfunction)-associated steatotic liver disease and its complications: a comprehensive review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;65:162\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2585_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4181","volume":"12","author":"M Sepehrinia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sepehrinia M, Pourmontaseri H, Naghizadeh MM, Vahid F, Hebert JR, Homayounfar R, et al. The association between energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and 10-year cardiovascular risk: Fasa Adult Cohort Study. Food Sci Nutr. 2024;12:5530\u20137.","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429883","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1429883","volume":"11","author":"H Pourmontaseri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pourmontaseri H, Sepehrinia M, Kuchay MS, Farjam M, Vahid F, Dehghan A, et al. The association between energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and metabolic syndrome and its mediatory role for cardiometabolic diseases: a prospective cohort study. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1429883.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019003070","volume":"23","author":"MA Farhangi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farhangi MA, Nikniaz L, Nikniaz Z, Dehghan P. Dietary inflammatory index potentially increases blood pressure and markers of glucose homeostasis among adults: findings from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23:1362\u201380.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa135","volume":"112","author":"F Canto-Osorio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canto-Osorio F, Denova-Gutierrez E, S\u00e1nchez-Romero LM, Salmer\u00f3n J, Barrientos-Gutierrez T. Dietary Inflammatory Index and metabolic syndrome in Mexican adult population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112:373\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00577-1","volume":"19","author":"CJ MacDonald","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacDonald CJ, Laouali N, Madika AL, Mancini FR, Boutron-Ruault MC. Dietary inflammatory index, risk of incident hypertension, and effect modification from BMI. Nutr J. 2020;19:62.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2585_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.03.005","volume":"27","author":"LET Vissers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vissers LET, Waller M, van der Schouw YT, H\u00e9bert JR, Shivappa N, Schoenaker D, et al. A pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of developing hypertension among middle-aged women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27:564\u201370.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2585_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1097228","volume":"13","author":"N Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou N, Xie ZP, Liu Q, Xu Y, Dai SC, Lu J, et al. The dietary inflammatory index and its association with the prevalence of hypertension: a cross-sectional study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1097228.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2585_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135221","volume":"10","author":"R Ramallal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramallal R, Toledo E, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Garc\u00eda-Arellano A, Shivappa N, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the SUN Cohort. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135221.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2585_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan I, Kwon M, Shivappa N, H\u00e9bert JR, Kim MK. Proinflammatory dietary intake is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: results from the population-based prospective study. Nutrients. 2020;12:1196.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041196"},{"key":"2585_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00839-w","volume":"80","author":"SA Jam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jam SA, Rezaeian S, Najafi F, Hamzeh B, Shakiba E, Moradinazar M, et al. Association of a pro-inflammatory diet with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: results from the Ravansar non-communicable diseases cohort study. Arch Public Health. 2022;80:102.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2585_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.004","volume":"54","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Bonaccio M, Hebert JR, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Ruggiero E, et al. Association of proinflammatory diet with low-grade inflammation: results from the Moli-sani study. Nutrition. 2018;54:182\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2585_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HY, Lee J, Kim J. Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome in the general Korean population. Nutrients. 2018;10:648.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050648"},{"key":"2585_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac241","volume":"52","author":"R Homayounfar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Homayounfar R, Farjam M, Bahramali E, Sharafi M, Poustchi H, Malekzadeh R, et al. Cohort Profile: the Fasa Adults Cohort Study (FACS): a prospective study of non-communicable diseases risks. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52:e172\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2585_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx314","volume":"187","author":"H Poustchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Kamangar F, Etemadi A, Keshtkar AA, Hekmatdoost A, et al. Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the PERSIAN Cohort Study): rationale, objectives, and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187:647\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2585_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3760-z","volume":"16","author":"M Farjam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farjam M, Bahrami H, Bahramali E, Jamshidi J, Askari A, Zakeri H, et al. A cohort study protocol to analyze the predisposing factors to common chronic non-communicable diseases in rural areas: Fasa Cohort Study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2585_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1059870","volume":"10","author":"S Eghtesad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eghtesad S, Hekmatdoost A, Faramarzi E, Homayounfar R, Sharafkhah M, Hakimi H, et al. Validity and reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire assessing food group intake in the PERSIAN Cohort Study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1059870.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00938-0","volume":"23","author":"S Eghtesad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eghtesad S, Masoudi S, Sharafkhah M, Rashidkhani B, Esmaeili-Nadimi A, Najafi F, et al. Validity and reproducibility of the PERSIAN Cohort Food Frequency Questionnaire: assessment of major dietary patterns. Nutr J. 2024;23:35.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2585_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433962","volume":"11","author":"S Bazmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bazmi S, Sepehrinia M, Pourmontaseri H, Bazyar H, Vahid F, Farjam M, et al. Androgenic alopecia is associated with higher dietary inflammatory index and lower antioxidant index scores. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1433962.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101774","volume":"48","author":"FK Ho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ho FK, Wirth MD, Parra-Soto S, Boonpor J, Zhou Z, Petermann-Rocha F, et al. Dose-response associations of dietary inflammatory potential with health outcomes: a prospective cohort study of 198,265 UK Biobank participants. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48:101774.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"2585_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.020","volume":"276","author":"M Mazidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazidi M, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hebert JR, Mikhailidis DP, Kengne AP, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk in US adults. Atherosclerosis. 2018;276:23\u20137.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2585_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.991907","volume":"9","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Guo Y, Yao N, Wang L, Sun M, Xu X, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the NHANES 2005-2016. Front Nutr. 2022;9:991907.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00592-6","volume":"12","author":"Z Aslani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aslani Z, Sadeghi O, Heidari-Beni M, Zahedi H, Baygi F, Shivappa N, et al. Association of dietary inflammatory potential with cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:86.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2585_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021000288","volume":"24","author":"Q Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi Q, Li X, He Y, Xia W, Shao J, Ye Z, et al. Associations of dietary inflammatory index with metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24:5463\u201370.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2020.1832054","volume":"72","author":"M Vitale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vitale M, Calabrese I, Massimino E, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Auciello S, et al. Dietary inflammatory index score, glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors profile in people with type 2 diabetes. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Armijos RX, Xun P, Weigel MM. Dietary Inflammatory Index and cardiometabolic risk in Ecuadorian women. Nutrients. 2021;13:2640.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082640"},{"key":"2585_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"M Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira M, Cronj\u00e9 HT, van Zyl T, Bondonno N, Pieters M. The association between an energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and inflammation in rural and urban Black South Africans. Public Health Nutr. 2021;25:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521003767","volume":"128","author":"PF Todendi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todendi PF, Salla R, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Ritter J, Cureau FV, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk factors among Brazilian adolescents: results from a national cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr. 2022;128:744\u201352.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2585_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl019","volume":"21","author":"P Pauletto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pauletto P, Rattazzi M. Inflammation and hypertension: the search for a link. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:850\u20133.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2585_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R706","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00250.2017","volume":"313","author":"A Kirabo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirabo A. A new paradigm of sodium regulation in inflammation and hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;313:R706\u2013R10.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2585_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002101","volume":"21","author":"P Dandona","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Ghanim H, Chaudhuri A. Angiotensin II and inflammation: the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2585_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2017","volume":"98","author":"SJ Forrester","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, et al. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: an update on mechanisms of physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:1627\u2013738.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2585_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5258","volume":"20","author":"SD Crowley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crowley SD. The cooperative roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:102\u201320.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2585_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.08.007","volume":"39","author":"N Ahluwalia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahluwalia N, Andreeva VA, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S. Dietary patterns, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab. 2013;39:99\u2013110.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2585_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-021-00474-6","volume":"28","author":"AFG Cicero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cicero AFG, Veronesi M, Fogacci F. Dietary intervention to improve blood pressure control: beyond salt restriction. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2021;28:547\u201353.","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"2585_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01405-3","volume":"404","author":"B Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou B, Bennett JE, Wickham AP, Singleton RK, Mishra A, Carrillo-Larco RM, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7\u00b75 million participants. Lancet. 2024;404:851\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2585_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE","volume":"42","author":"JE Neter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878\u201384.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2585_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.44","volume":"10","author":"VG DeMarco","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeMarco VG, Aroor AR, Sowers JR. The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10:364\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2585_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00379.2020","volume":"320","author":"T Kawai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320:C375\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2585_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000336664","volume":"30","author":"E Scarpellini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scarpellini E, Tack J. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: an inflammatory condition. Dig Dis. 2012;30:148\u201353.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"2585_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448806","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1448806","volume":"11","author":"H Pourmontaseri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pourmontaseri H, Khanmohammadi S. Demographic risk factors of pro-inflammatory diet: a narrative review. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1448806.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"}],"container-title":["Hypertension Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02585-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02585-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02585-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:05:16Z","timestamp":1778105116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02585-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-026-02585-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-9636","1348-4214"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0916-9636","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-4214","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors except JRH disclose no conflict of interest. JRH discloses that he owns a controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), a company that has licensed the right to his invention of the dietary inflammatory index (DII\u00ae) from the University of South Carolina to develop computer and smartphone applications for patient counseling and dietary intervention in clinical settings. CHI owns the exclusive right to the E-DII\u2122.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All steps of this cohort study followed the Helsinki Declaration and were confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Fasa University of Medical Sciences (IR.FUMS.REC.1402.108). All participants of FACS provided written informed consent and were aware of the study\u2019s aim.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}