{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:25:59Z","timestamp":1793834759824,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hypertens Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-026-02793-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:07:06Z","timestamp":1788419226000},"page":"2955-2965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term outcomes associated with continued use of ARBs versus CCBs in older adults: a landmark cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Noma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Sunada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Futoshi","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1223\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"2793_CR2","unstructured":"Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet. 2021;397:1625\u201336."},{"key":"2793_CR3","first-page":"e13","volume":"71","author":"PK Whelton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr., Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13\u2013e115.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2793_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","volume":"39","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021\u2013104.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2793_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75:1334\u201357.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2793_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981\u201397.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981"},{"key":"2793_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08089-3","volume":"359","author":"B Dahlof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:995\u20131003.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2793_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16451-9","volume":"363","author":"S Julius","year":"2004","unstructured":"Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:2022\u201331.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2793_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","volume":"387","author":"D Ettehad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2793_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5265","volume":"307","author":"ME Tinetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tinetti ME, Fried TR, Boyd CM. Designing health care for the most common chronic condition\u2014multimorbidity. JAMA. 2012;307:2493\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2793_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60240-2","volume":"380","author":"K Barnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380:37\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2793_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133543","volume":"438","author":"S Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang S, Li L, Chen H, Aa G, Liu H, Jiang S, et al. Real-world comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus angiotensin receptor blockers in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2025;438:133543.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2793_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25549","volume":"82","author":"C Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie C, Chen R, Zhou S, Lin Y, Liu J, Su L, et al. Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers: multidatabase target trial emulation studies. Hypertension. 2025;82:2072\u201381.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2793_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220680","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20680","volume":"5","author":"JB Cohen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cohen JB, Marcum ZA, Zhang C, Derington CG, Greene TH, Ghazi L, et al. Risk of mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia in new users of angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a secondary analysis of data from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2220680.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2793_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaf028","volume":"80","author":"CG Derington","year":"2025","unstructured":"Derington CG, Berchie RO, Scharfstein DO, Andrews RM, Greene TH, Xu Y, et al. Effect of initiation and continuous adherence to ARBs versus ACEIs on risk of adjudicated mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Gerontol A. 2025;80:glaf028.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A"},{"key":"2793_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09787-x","volume":"41","author":"PD Lin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lin PD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Petimar J, Yu H, Daley MF, Janicke DM, et al. Emulation of a target trial of antihypertensive medications on weight change. J Gen Intern Med. 2026;41:1097\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2793_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","volume":"183","author":"MA Hernan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hernan MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183:758\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2793_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.11.021","volume":"96","author":"G Danaei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danaei G, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Cantero OF, Logan RW, Hernan MA. Electronic medical records can be used to emulate target trials of sustained treatment strategies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;96:12\u201322.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2793_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1983.1.11.710","volume":"1","author":"JR Anderson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Anderson JR, Cain KC, Gelber RD. Analysis of survival by tumor response. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:710\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2793_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.957951","volume":"4","author":"U Dafni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dafni U. Landmark analysis at the 25-year landmark point. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:363\u201371.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2793_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","volume":"328","author":"MA Hernan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hernan MA, Wang W, Leaf DE. Target trial emulation: a framework for causal inference from observational data. JAMA. 2022;328:2446\u201347.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2793_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20210513","volume":"33","author":"H Fukuda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fukuda H, Ishiguro C, Ono R, Kiyohara K. The Longevity Improvement & Fair Evidence (LIFE) study: overview of the study design and baseline participant profile. J Epidemiol. 2023;33:428\u201337.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2793_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1230","volume":"15","author":"SE Andrade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andrade SE, Kahler KH, Frech F, Chan KA. Methods for evaluation of medication adherence and persistence using automated databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2793_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"2793_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","volume":"11","author":"JM Robins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11:550\u201360.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2793_CR26","unstructured":"Hernan MA, Robins JM. Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall\/CRC; 2020."},{"key":"2793_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6607","volume":"34","author":"PC Austin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Austin PC, Stuart EA. Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies. Stat Med. 2015;34:3661\u201379.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2793_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28:3083\u2013107.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2793_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2307\/2529588","volume":"34","author":"RL Prentice","year":"1978","unstructured":"Prentice RL, Gloeckler LA. Regression analysis of grouped survival data with application to breast cancer data. Biometrics. 1978;34:57\u201367.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2793_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp107","volume":"170","author":"B Lau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lau B, Cole SR, Gange SJ. Competing risk regression models for epidemiologic data. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:244\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2793_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","volume":"30","author":"IR White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30:377\u201399.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2793_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209033271001","volume":"327","author":"MA Pfeffer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr., Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669\u201377.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2793_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145\u201353.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420301"},{"key":"2793_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14285-7","volume":"362","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362:777\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2793_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805450","volume":"359","author":"BM Massie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2456\u201367.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2793_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1511175","volume":"375","author":"MM Redfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redfield MM. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1868\u201377.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2793_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turnbull F, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;362:1527\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14739-3"},{"key":"2793_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","volume":"345","author":"BM Brenner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2793_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","volume":"345","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851\u201360.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Hypertension Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02793-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02793-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02793-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:03:57Z","timestamp":1793833437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41440-026-02793-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-026-02793-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0916-9636","1348-4214"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0916-9636","type":"print"},{"value":"1348-4214","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"HN received a research fund from GlaxoSmithKline and consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Sony, and Kowa, outside the submitted work. HY reports lecture fees from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kowa Co. Ltd, AstraZeneca K.K., Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Astellas Pharma Inc, outside the submitted work. Under contracts with Kyoto University, fees for consultation to HY were paid to Kyoto University by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Magmitt Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., outside the submitted work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}