{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:10:13Z","timestamp":1783552213187,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Impot Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We aimed to provide evidence on the trends and in-hospital outcomes of patients with low- and high-flow priapism through the largest study in the field. We used the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient Data (GRAND), provided by the Research Data Center of the Federal Bureau of Statistics (2008-2021), and performed multiple patient-level analyses. We included 6,588 men with low-flow and 729 with high-flow priapism. Among patients with low-flow priapism, 156 (2.4%) suffered from sickle cell disease, and 1,477 (22.4%) patients required shunt surgery. Of them, only 37 (2.5%) received a concomitant penile prosthesis implantation (30 inflatable and 7 semi-rigid prosthesis). In Germany, the total number of patients with low-flow priapism requiring hospital stay has steadily increased, while the number of patients with high-flow priapism requiring hospital stay has decreased in the last years. Among patients with high-flow priapism, 136 (18.7%) required selective artery embolization. In men with low-flow priapism, sickle cell disease was associated with high rates of exchange transfusion (OR: 21, 95% CI: 14\u201331,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The length of hospital stay (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.06) and the intensive care unit admissions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9) did not differ between patients with low-flow priapism due to sickle cell disease versus other causes of low-flow priapism. Accordingly, in men with high-flow priapism, embolization was not associated with worse outcomes in terms of length of hospital stay (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.9), transfusion (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.8), and intensive care unit admission (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.5). Low-flow priapism is an absolute emergency that requires shunt surgery in more than one-fifth of all patients requiring hospital stay. On the contrary, high-flow priapism is still managed, in most cases, conservatively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-024-00915-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1716386538000},"page":"533-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends and outcomes of hospitalized patients with priapism in Germany: results from the GRAND study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pyrgidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald B.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chaloupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannic","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo L.","family":"Pfitzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Weinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Jokisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian G.","family":"Stief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Marcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"915_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002236","volume":"206","author":"TJ Bivalacqua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bivalacqua TJ, Allen BK, Brock G, Broderick GA, Kohler TS, Mulhall JP, et al. Acute Ischemic Priapism: An AUA\/SMSNA Guideline. J Urol. 2021;206:1114\u201321.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"915_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12251","volume":"10","author":"DM Stein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stein DM, Flum AS, Cashy J, Zhao LC, McVary KT. Nationwide emergency department visits for priapism in the United States. J Sex Med. 2013;10:2418\u201322.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"915_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08871.x","volume":"105","author":"WS Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa WS, Felix B, Cavalcanti AG, Medeiros J, Sampaio FJ. Structural analysis of the corpora cavernosa in patients with ischaemic priapism. 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Conservative and medical treatments of non-sickle cell disease-related ischemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Panel. Int J Impot Res. 2024;36:6\u201319.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00592-2"},{"key":"915_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.07.034","volume":"191","author":"E Zacharakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zacharakis E, Raheem AA, Freeman A, Skolarikos A, Garaffa G, Christopher AN, et al. The Efficacy of the T-Shunt Procedure and Intracavernous Tunneling (Snake Maneuver) for Refractory Ischemic Priapism. J Urol. 2014;191:164\u20138.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"915_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12686","volume":"114","author":"E Zacharakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zacharakis E, Garaffa G, Raheem AA, Christopher AN, Muneer A, Ralph DJ. 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All data used in this work are stored anonymized at the German Federal Statistical Office.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}