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However, the introduced porosity in current electrode designs to buffer the volume changes of active materials during cycling does not afford high volumetric performance. Here, we show a strategy leveraging a sulfur sacrificial agent for controlled utility of void space in a tin oxide\/graphene composite anode. In a typical synthesis using the capillary drying of graphene hydrogels, sulfur is employed with hard tin oxide nanoparticles inside the contraction hydrogels. The resultant graphene-caged tin oxide delivers an ultrahigh volumetric capacity of 2123\u2009mAh\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup> together with good cycling stability. Our results suggest not only a conversion-type composite anode that allows for good electrochemical characteristics, but also a general synthetic means to engineering the packing density of graphene nanosheets for high energy storage capabilities in small volumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02808-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T18:04:29Z","timestamp":1516644269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["Caging tin oxide in three-dimensional graphene networks for superior volumetric lithium storage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Junwei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai-Ming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daliang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5309-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1516-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Chun","family":"Hsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Golberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjie","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan-Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213003","volume":"334","author":"Y Gogotsi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gogotsi, Y. & Simon, P. 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