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Persisters are non-growing bacteria that are thought to be responsible for the recalcitrance of many infections to antibiotics. Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems are stress-responsive elements that are important for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> persister formation, specifically during infection. Here, we report the analysis of persister formation of clinical invasive strains of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium and Enteritidis in human primary macrophages. We show that all the invasive clinical isolates of both serovars that we tested produce high levels of persisters following internalization by human macrophages. Our genome comparison reveals that <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium strains contain three acetyltransferase toxins that we characterize structurally and functionally. We show that all induce the persister state by inhibiting translation through acetylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs. However, they differ in their potency and target partially different subsets of aminoacyl-tRNAs, potentially accounting for their non-redundant effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04472-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1526304699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Activity of acetyltransferase toxins involved in Salmonella\u00a0persister formation during macrophage infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julian A.","family":"Rycroft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Gollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz J.","family":"Grabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Cheverton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Larrouy-Maumus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9877-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Helaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit596","volume":"58","author":"MA Huson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huson, M. 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