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To test this hypothesis, we conceived a brain-controlled neuromodulation therapy that combines the technical and practical features necessary to be deployed daily during gait rehabilitation. Rats received a severe spinal cord contusion that led to leg paralysis. We engineered a proportional brain\u2013spine interface whereby cortical ensemble activity constantly determines the amplitude of spinal cord stimulation protocols promoting leg flexion during swing. After minimal calibration time and without prior training, this neural bypass enables paralyzed rats to walk overground and adjust foot clearance in order to climb a staircase. Compared to continuous spinal cord stimulation, brain-controlled stimulation accelerates and enhances the long-term recovery of locomotion. These results demonstrate the relevance of brain-controlled neuromodulation therapies to augment recovery from motor disorders, establishing important proofs-of-concept that warrant clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05282-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1532612296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Brain-controlled modulation of spinal circuits improves recovery from spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bonizzato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9836-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galyna","family":"Pidpruzhnykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"DiGiovanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Shkorbatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvestro","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0894-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Courtine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5282_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435","volume":"533","author":"CE Bouton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouton, C. 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M.B., S.M., and G.C. hold a patent on spatiotemporal neuromodulation algorithms (WO2015\/063127). The remaining\u00a0authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3015"}}