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The catalytic subunit Elp3 is highly conserved and harbors two individual subdomains, a radical <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-adenosyl methionine (rSAM) and a lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) domain. The details of its modification reaction cycle and particularly the substrate specificity of its KAT domain remain elusive. Here, we present the co-crystal structure of bacterial Elp3 (DmcElp3) bound to an acetyl-CoA analog and compare it to the structure of a monomeric archaeal Elp3 from <jats:italic>Methanocaldococcus infernus<\/jats:italic> (MinElp3). Furthermore, we identify crucial active site residues, confirm the importance of the extended N-terminus for substrate recognition and uncover the specific induction of acetyl-CoA hydrolysis by different tRNA species. In summary, our results establish the clinically relevant Elongator subunit as a non-canonical acetyltransferase and genuine tRNA modification enzyme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08579-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T11:05:41Z","timestamp":1549537541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Elongator subunit Elp3 is a non-canonical tRNA acetyltransferase"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour El Hana","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Zakrzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Chramiec-G\u0142\u0105bik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Jemio\u0142a-Rzemi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"R\u00f3\u017cycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Glatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D262","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1007","volume":"41","author":"MA Machnicka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Machnicka, M. 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