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However, findings have been inconsistent, likely due to limited sample sizes. Here we investigated 1,774 individuals with ASD and 1,809 controls, from 54 independent data sets of the ENIGMA consortium. ASD was significantly associated with alterations of cortical thickness asymmetry in mostly medial frontal, orbitofrontal, cingulate and inferior temporal areas, and also with asymmetry of orbitofrontal surface area. These differences generally involved reduced asymmetry in individuals with ASD compared to controls. Furthermore, putamen volume asymmetry was significantly increased in ASD. The largest case-control effect size was Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.13, for asymmetry of superior frontal cortical thickness. Most effects did not depend on age, sex, IQ, severity or medication use. Altered lateralized neurodevelopment may therefore be a feature of ASD, affecting widespread brain regions with diverse functions. Large-scale analysis was necessary to quantify subtle alterations of brain structural asymmetry in ASD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13005-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T07:06:38Z","timestamp":1572505598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Altered structural brain asymmetry in autism spectrum disorder in a study of 54 datasets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merel C.","family":"Postema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"van 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Her contribution is on behalf of the POND network. Dr. Arango has served as a consultant for or received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Abbott, Amgen, CIBERSAM, Fundaci\u00f3n Alicia Koplowitz, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund \u201cA way of making Europe,\u201d CIBERSAM, the Madrid Regional Government [S2010\/BMD-2422 AGES], the European Union Structural Funds, and the European Union Seventh Framework Programmeunder grant agreements FP7-HEALTH-2009-2.2.1-2-241909, FP7-HEALTH-2009-2.2.1-3-242114, FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-603196, and FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-602478), Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Shire, Takeda, and Schering-Plough. Dr. Freitag has served as a consultant for Desitin regarding issues on ASD. Dr. Di Martino is a coauthor of the Italian version of the Social Responsiveness Scale, for which she may receive royalties. Her contribution is on behalf of the ABIDE and ABIDEII consortia. Dr. Rubia has received speaking honoraria from Eli Lilly, Medice, and Shire, and a grant from Shire for another project. Dr. Thompson received partial research support from Biogen, Inc. (Boston), for research unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. Dr. Buitelaar has served as a consultant, advisory board member, or speaker for Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Medice, Novartis, Servier, Shire, and Roche, and he has received research support from Roche and Vifor. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4958"}}