{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T21:37:43Z","timestamp":1794605863996,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biological organic-inorganic materials remain a popular source of inspiration for bioinspired materials design and engineering. Inspired by the self-assembling metal-reinforced mussel holdfast threads, we tested if metal-coordinate polymer networks can be utilized as simple composite scaffolds for direct in situ crosslink mineralization. Starting with aqueous solutions of polymers end-functionalized with metal-coordinating ligands of catechol or histidine, here we show that inter-molecular metal-ion coordination complexes can serve as mineral nucleation sites, whereby significant mechanical reinforcement is achieved upon nanoscale particle growth directly at the metal-coordinate network crosslink sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20953-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T11:12:46Z","timestamp":1611832366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["In situ mechanical reinforcement of polymer hydrogels via metal-coordinated crosslink mineralization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail U.","family":"Regitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Ilavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8323-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth H.","family":"McKinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5318-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Holten-Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"20953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001","volume":"52","author":"P Fratzl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fratzl, P. & Weinkamer, R. Nature\u2019s hierarchical materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 52, 1263\u20131334 (2007).","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"20953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7008198","volume":"211","author":"H Lowenstam","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lowenstam, H. Minerals formed by organisms. Science 211, 1126\u20131131 (1981).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09686","volume":"469","author":"LM Gordon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gordon, L. M. & Joester, D. Nanoscale chemical tomography of buried organic-inorganic interfaces in the chiton tooth. Nature 469, 194\u2013198 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"20953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201408900","volume":"54","author":"D Faivre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faivre, D. & Godec, T. U. From bacteria to mollusks: the principles underlying the biomineralization of iron oxide materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 4728\u20134747 (2015).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"20953_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202894","volume":"23","author":"Q Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Phase transformations and structural developments in the radular teeth of Cryptochiton stelleri. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 2908\u20132917 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303547","volume":"24","author":"M Helminger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helminger, M. et al. Synthesis and characterization of gelatin-based magnetic hydrogels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 3187\u20133196 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2009.07.048","volume":"349","author":"KS Sivudu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sivudu, K. S. & Rhee, K. Y. Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive hydrogel magnetite nanocomposite. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 349, 29\u201334 (2009).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"20953_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1121","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, B., Zhou, Y. & Jia, D. Chitosan-induced synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles via iron ions assembly. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19, 1256\u20131261 (2008).","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"20953_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b01697","volume":"137","author":"E Asenath-Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asenath-Smith, E., Hovden, R., Kourkoutis, L. F. & Estroff, L. A. Hierarchically structured hematite architectures achieved by growth in a silica hydrogel. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 5184\u20135192 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"20953_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015862108","volume":"108","author":"N Holten-Andersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holten-Andersen, N. et al. pH-induced metal-ligand cross-links inspired by mussel yield self-healing polymer networks with near-covalent elastic moduli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 2651\u20132655 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"20953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201201922","volume":"23","author":"DG Barrett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrett, D. G. et al. PH-based regulation of hydrogel mechanical properties through mussel-inspired chemistry and processing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 1111\u20131119 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao0350","volume":"358","author":"E Filippidi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filippidi, E. et al. Toughening elastomers using mussel-inspired iron-catechol complexes. Science 358, 502\u2013505 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201000193","volume":"31","author":"AS Goldmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldmann, A. S. et al. Biomimetic mussel adhesive inspired clickable anchors applied to the functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 31, 1608\u20131615 (2010).","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"20953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10899","DOI":"10.1021\/la401858s","volume":"29","author":"O Zvarec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zvarec, O., Purushotham, S., Masic, A., Ramanujan, R. V. & Miserez, A. Catechol-functionalized chitosan\/iron oxide nanoparticle composite inspired by mussel thread coating and squid beak interfacial chemistry. Langmuir 29, 10899\u201310906 (2013).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"20953_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b06692","volume":"10","author":"Q Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Q., Barrett, D. G., Messersmith, P. B. & Holten-Andersen, N. Controlling hydrogel mechanics via bio-inspired polymer-nanoparticle bond dynamics. ACS Nano 10, 1317\u20131324 (2016).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"20953_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1021\/nl902212q","volume":"9","author":"E Amstad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amstad, E., Gillich, T., Bilecka, I., Textor, M. & Reimhult, E. Ultrastable iron oxide nanoparticle colloidal suspensions using dispersants with catechol-derived anchor groups. Nano Lett. 9, 4042\u20134048 (2009).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"20953_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1109306","volume":"115","author":"E Amstad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amstad, E. et al. Influence of electronegative substituents on the binding affinity of catechol-derived anchors to Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C. 115, 683\u2013691 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C."},{"key":"20953_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nr10173k","volume":"3","author":"E Amstad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amstad, E., Textor, M. & Reimhult, E. Stabilization and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 3, 2819\u20132843 (2011).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"20953_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag0184","volume":"353","author":"M Zhong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhong, M., Wang, R., Kawamoto, K., Olsen, B. D. & Johnson, J. A. Quantifying the impact of molecular defects on polymer network elasticity. Science 353, 1264\u20131268 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM01058C","volume":"13","author":"T Shoaib","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shoaib, T. et al. Self-adaptive hydrogels to mineralization. Soft Matter 13, 5469\u20135480 (2017).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"20953_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8253","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM01487E","volume":"11","author":"H Haider","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haider, H. et al. Exceptionally tough and notch-insensitive magnetic hydrogels. Soft Matter 11, 8253\u20138261 (2015).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"20953_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40818","DOI":"10.1002\/app.40818","volume":"131","author":"AM Randall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Randall, A. M. & Robertson, C. G. Linear-nonlinear dichotomy of the rheological response of particle-filled polymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 131, 40818 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"20953_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1181044","volume":"328","author":"MJ Harrington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harrington, M. J., Masic, A., Holten-Andersen, N., Waite, J. H. & Fratzl, P. Iron-clad fibers: a metal-based biological strategy for hard flexible coatings. Science 328, 216\u2013220 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04122.x","volume":"177","author":"M Hanesch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanesch, M. Raman spectroscopy of iron oxides and (oxy)hydroxides at low laser power and possible applications in environmental magnetic studies. Geophys. J. Int. 177, 941\u2013948 (2009).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"20953_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199711)28:11<873::AID-JRS177>3.0.CO;2-B","volume":"28","author":"DLA de Faria","year":"1997","unstructured":"de Faria, D. L. A., Ven\u00e2ncio Silva, S. & de Oliveira, M. T. Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. J. Raman Spectrosc. 28, 873\u2013878 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"20953_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01129","volume":"18","author":"AU Regitsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regitsky, A. U., Keshavarz, B., McKinley, G. H. & Holten-Andersen, N. Rheology as a mechanoscopic method to monitor mineralization in hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 18, 4067\u20134074 (2017).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"20953_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707495","volume":"16","author":"E Guth","year":"1945","unstructured":"Guth, E. Theory of filler reinforcement. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 20\u201325 (1945).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"20953_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.1039\/c1sm05420a","volume":"7","author":"WC Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin, W. C., Marcellan, A., Hourdet, D. & Creton, C. Effect of polymer-particle interaction on the fracture toughness of silica filled hydrogels. Soft Matter 7, 6578\u20136582 (2011).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"20953_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200901365","volume":"22","author":"R-Q Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song, R.-Q. & C\u00f6lfen, H. Mesocrystals\u2013ordered nanoparticle superstructures. Adv. Mater. 22, 1301\u20131330 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201400676","volume":"24","author":"A Gal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gal, A. et al. Particle accretion mechanism underlies biological crystal growth from an amorphous precursor phase. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 5420\u20135426 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaa6760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6760","volume":"349","author":"JJ De Yoreo","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Yoreo, J. J. et al. Crystallization by particle attachment in synthetic, biogenic, and geologic environments. Science 349, aaa6760 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3558","volume":"12","author":"J Baumgartner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baumgartner, J. et al. Nucleation and growth of magnetite from solution. Nat. Mater. 12, 310\u2013314 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200602866","volume":"46","author":"AH Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu, A. H., Salabas, E. L. & Sch\u00fcth, F. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1222\u20131244 (2007).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"20953_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600448","volume":"17","author":"T Prozorov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prozorov, T. et al. Protein-mediated synthesis of uniform superparamagnetic magnetite nanocrystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 951\u2013957 (2007).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77452","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA12072E","volume":"6","author":"SJ Kemp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kemp, S. J., Ferguson, R. M., Khandhar, A. P. & Krishnan, K. M. Monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles with nearly ideal saturation magnetization. RSC Adv. 6, 77452\u201377464 (2016).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"20953_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1021\/ma300244u","volume":"45","author":"H Asai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asai, H. et al. Structural analysis of high performance ion-gel comprising tetra-PEG network. Macromolecules 45, 3902\u20133909 (2012).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"20953_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7893","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b01510","volume":"51","author":"K Rishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rishi, K. et al. Impact of an emergent hierarchical filler network on nanocomposite dynamics. Macromolecules 51, 7893\u20137904 (2018).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"20953_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.2.095601","volume":"2","author":"MC Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers, M. C. et al. Microscopic signatures of yielding in concentrated nanoemulsions under large-amplitude oscillatory shear. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2, 095601 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2390","volume":"8","author":"AV Zhukhovitskiy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhukhovitskiy, A. V. et al. Highly branched and loop-rich gels via formation of metal\u2013organic cages linked by polymers. Nat. Chem. 8, 33\u201341 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"20953_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm27819k","volume":"9","author":"B Radi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radi, B., Wellard, R. M. & George, G. A. Effect of dangling chains on the structure and physical properties of a tightly crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) network. Soft Matter 9, 3262\u20133271 (2013).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"20953_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200300","volume":"22","author":"E Asenath-Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asenath-Smith, E., Li, H., Keene, E. C., Seh, Z. W. & Estroff, L. A. Crystal growth of calcium carbonate in hydrogels as a model of biomineralization. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 2891\u20132914 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/ma301791n","volume":"46","author":"DE Fullenkamp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fullenkamp, D. E., He, L., Barrett, D. G., Burghardt, W. R. & Messersmith, P. B. Mussel-inspired histidine-based transient network metal coordination hydrogels. Macromolecules 46, 1167\u20131174 (2013).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"20953_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b05246","volume":"30","author":"S Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, S., Peterson, A. M. & Holten-Andersen, N. Enhanced water retention maintains energy dissipation in dehydrated metal-coordinate polymer networks: another role for Fe-catechol cross-links? Chem. Mater. 30, 3648\u20133655 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4401","volume":"14","author":"SC Grindy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grindy, S. C. et al. Control of hierarchical polymer mechanics with bioinspired metal-coordination dynamics. Nat. Mater. 14, 1210\u20131216 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199626241","volume":"35","author":"R Kniep","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kniep, R. & Busch, S. Biomimetic growth and self-assembly of fluorapatite aggregates by diffusion into denatured collagen matrices. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35, 2624\u20132626 (1996).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"20953_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0110728","volume":"13","author":"S Busch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Busch, S., Schwarz, U. & Kniep, R. Morphogenesis and structure of human teeth in relation to biomimetically grown fluorapatite-gelatine composites. Chem. Mater. 13, 3260\u20133271 (2001).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200390029","volume":"13","author":"S Busch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Busch, S., Schwarz, U. & Kniep, R. Chemical and structural investigations of biomimetically grown fluorapatite\u2013gelatin composite aggregates. Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 189\u2013198 (2003).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1039\/b304367c","volume":"3","author":"H Imai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Imai, H., Tatara, S., Furuichi, K. & Oaki, Y. Formation of calcium phosphate having a hierarchically laminated architecture through periodic precipitation in organic gel. Chem. Commun. 3, 1952\u20131953 (2003).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"20953_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1021\/cg034053e","volume":"3","author":"Y Oaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oaki, Y. & Imai, H. Experimental demonstration for the morphological evolution of crystals grown in gel media. Cryst. Growth Des. 3, 711\u2013716 (2003).","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"20953_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178583","volume":"326","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, H., Xin, H. L., Muller, D. A. & Estroff, L. A. Visualizing the 3D internal structure of calcite single crystals grown in agarose hydrogels. Science 326, 1244\u20131247 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20953_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200801498","volume":"21","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, H. & Estroff, L. A. Calcite growth in hydrogels: assessing the mechanism of polymer-network incorporation into single crystals. Adv. Mater. 21, 470\u2013473 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805094115","volume":"115","author":"M Grossman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grossman, M., Bouville, F., Masania, K. & Studart, A. R. Quantifying the role of mineral bridges on the fracture resistance of nacre-like composites. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 12698\u201312703 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"20953_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605039","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201605039","volume":"29","author":"M Grossman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossman, M. et al. Mineral nano-interconnectivity stiffens and toughens nacre-like composite materials. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605039 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(10)70016-X","volume":"13","author":"JC Weaver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weaver, J. C. et al. Analysis of an ultra hard magnetic biomineral in chiton radular teeth. Mater. Today 13, 42\u201352 (2010).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"20953_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199802)10:3<237::AID-ADMA237>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"10","author":"M Breulmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Breulmann, M. et al. Elastic magnets: template-controlled mineralization of iron oxide colloids in a sponge-like gel matrix. Adv. Mater. 10, 237\u2013241 (1998).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201201708","volume":"23","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Magnetic hydrogels and their potential biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 660\u2013672 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"20953_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5624","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SC00523C","volume":"7","author":"JJM Lenders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lenders, J. J. M., Mirabello, G. & Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M. Bioinspired magnetite synthesis via solid precursor phases. Chem. Sci. 7, 5624\u20135634 (2016).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"20953_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1021\/cg500816z","volume":"14","author":"JJM Lenders","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lenders, J. J. M. et al. A bioinspired coprecipitation method for the controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. Cryst. Growth Des. 14, 5561\u20135568 (2014).","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"20953_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1107\/S160057671800643X","volume":"51","author":"J Ilavsky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ilavsky, J. et al. Development of combined microstructure and structure characterization facility for in situ and operando studies at the advanced photon source. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 51, 867\u2013882 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"20953_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889812004037","volume":"45","author":"J Ilavsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ilavsky, J. Nika: Software for two-dimensional data reduction. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 45, 324\u2013328 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"20953_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889809002222","volume":"42","author":"J Ilavsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ilavsky, J. & Jemian, P. R. Irena: tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 42, 347\u2013353 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-20953-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-20953-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-20953-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T10:32:08Z","timestamp":1669977128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-20953-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-20953-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"667"}}