{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T15:55:47Z","timestamp":1794498947390,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdowns and border closures are not currently recommended for pandemic influenza control. New Zealand used these NPIs to eliminate coronavirus disease 2019 during its first wave. Using multiple surveillance systems, we observed a parallel and unprecedented reduction of influenza and other respiratory viral infections in 2020. This finding supports the use of these NPIs for controlling pandemic influenza and other severe respiratory viral threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T06:07:44Z","timestamp":1613110064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":383,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3923-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Q. Sue","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Jelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tineke","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jefferies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Daniells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Nesdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Dowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Campbell-Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Balm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1092-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazel C.","family":"Dobinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron C.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayyereh","family":"Aminisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqui","family":"Ralston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Bocacao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Danielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Moncrieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"McNeill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kiedrzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Currin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaune","family":"Engelbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Tapurau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Emmerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Trenholme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conroy","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"McArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Rahnama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Mansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meik","family":"Dilcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Werno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Youngblood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"NPIsImpactOnFlu Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"21157_CR1","unstructured":"New Zealand Government. New Zealand COVID-19 alert levels summary. https:\/\/covid19.govt.nz\/assets\/resources\/tables\/COVID-19-alert-levels-summary.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"21157_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2025203","volume":"383","author":"MG Baker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baker, M. G., Wilson, N. & Anglemyer, A. Successful elimination of Covid-19 transmission in New Zealand. N. Engl. J. Med 383, e56 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"21157_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30225-5","volume":"5","author":"S Jefferies","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jefferies, S. et al. COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study. Lancet Public Health 5, e612\u2013e623 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"21157_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616438114","volume":"114","author":"CM Peak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peak, C. M., Childs, L. M., Grad, Y. H. & Buckee, C. O. Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 4023\u20134028 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"21157_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051371","volume":"12","author":"World Health Organization Writing Group","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization Writing Group et al.Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, national and community measures. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 88\u201394 (2006).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"21157_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy443","volume":"219","author":"QS Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, Q. S. et al. Risk factors and attack rates of seasonal influenza infection: results of the Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance (SHIVERS) seroepidemiologic cohort study. J. Infect. Dis. 219, 347\u2013357 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"21157_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051370","volume":"12","author":"World Health Organization Writing Group","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization Writing Group et al.Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 81\u201387 (2006).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"21157_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2008.00050.x","volume":"2","author":"QS Huang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huang, Q. S., Lopez, L. D., McCallum, L. & Adlam, B. Influenza surveillance and immunisation in New Zealand, 1997\u20132006. Influenza Other Respiratory Viruses 2, 139\u2013145 (2008).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respiratory Viruses"},{"key":"21157_CR9","first-page":"1305","volume":"69","author":"SJ Olsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olsen, S. J. et al. Decreased influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. MMWR 69, 1305\u20131309 (2020).","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"21157_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeoh, D. K. et al. The impact of COVID-19 public health measures on detections of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in children during the 2020 Australian winter. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1475 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1475"},{"key":"21157_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.050729","volume":"11","author":"JY Lo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lo, J. Y. et al. Respiratory infections during SARS outbreak, Hong Kong, 2003. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1738\u20131741 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"21157_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30090-6","volume":"5","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cowling, B. J. et al. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 5, e279\u2013e288 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"21157_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.77","volume":"4","author":"IV Polozov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Polozov, I. V., Bezrukov, L., Gawrisch, K. & Zimmerberg, J. Progressive ordering with decreasing temperature of the phospholipids of influenza virus. Nat. Chem. Biol. 4, 248\u2013255 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"21157_CR14","unstructured":"NIWA. Climate summary winter 2020 final. https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/sites\/niwa.co.nz\/files\/Climate_Summary_Winter_2020_NIWA.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"21157_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","volume":"116","author":"S Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nickbakhsh, S. et al. Virus-virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 27142\u201327150 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"21157_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19485","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.06.19485-en","volume":"15","author":"JS Casalegno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casalegno, J. S. et al. Impact of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic wave on the pattern of hibernal respiratory virus epidemics, France, 2009. Eur. Surveill. 15, 19485 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Surveill."},{"key":"21157_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19354","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.40.19354-en","volume":"14","author":"A Linde","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linde, A., Rotzen-Ostlund, M., Zweygberg-Wirgart, B., Rubinova, S. & Brytting, M. Does viral interference affect spread of influenza? Eur. Surveill. 14, 19354 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. Surveill."},{"key":"21157_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30307-2","volume":"4","author":"PN Britton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Britton, P. N. et al. COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, e42\u2013e43 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"21157_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1086\/525542","volume":"197","author":"V Peltola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peltola, V. et al. Rhinovirus transmission within families with children: incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. J. Infect. Dis. 197, 382\u2013389 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"21157_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030401","volume":"3","author":"JS Brownstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brownstein, J. S., Wolfe, C. J. & Mandl, K. D. Empirical evidence for the effect of airline travel on inter-regional influenza spread in the United States. PLoS Med 3, e401 (2006).","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"21157_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12315","volume":"9","author":"QS Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Q. S. et al. Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 9, 179\u2013190 (2015).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"21157_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2014.5.1.004","volume":"5","author":"QS Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, Q. S. et al. Implementing hospital-based surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections caused by influenza and other respiratory pathogens in New Zealand. West. Pac. Surveill. Response J. 5, 23\u201330 (2014).","journal-title":"West. Pac. Surveill. Response J."},{"key":"21157_CR23","first-page":"2000045","volume":"25","author":"VM Corman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corman, V. M. et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eur. Surveill. 25, 2000045 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Surveill."},{"key":"21157_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J. Biomed. Inf. 42, 377\u2013381 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"21157_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12330","volume":"9","author":"T Vega","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vega, T. et al. Influenza surveillance in Europe: comparing intensity levels calculated using the moving epidemic method. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 9, 234\u2013246 (2015).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"21157_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2012.00422.x","volume":"7","author":"T Vega","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vega, T. et al. Influenza surveillance in Europe: establishing epidemic thresholds by the moving epidemic method. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses 7, 546\u2013558 (2013).","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"21157_CR27","unstructured":"Lopez, L., Wood, T., Prasad, N. & Huang, Q. S. Influenza surveillance in New Zealand, 2015. https:\/\/surv.esr.cri.nz\/PDF_surveillance\/Virology\/FluAnnRpt\/InfluenzaAnn2015.pdf (2016)."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21157-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21157-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21157-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T05:43:53Z","timestamp":1669959833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21157-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.11.20228692","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1001"}}