{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:11:33Z","timestamp":1792858293850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-15-CE05-0015-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-15-CE05-0015-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-76"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Monitoring the formation of dendrites or filaments of lithium is of paramount importance for Li-based battery technologies, hence the intense activities in designing in situ techniques to visualize their growth. Herein we report the benefit of correlating in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and EPR imaging to analyze the morphology and location of metallic lithium in a symmetric Li\/LiPF\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Li electrochemical cell during polarization. We exploit the variations in shape, resonance field and amplitude of the EPR spectra to follow, operando, the nucleation of sub-micrometric Li particles (narrow and symmetrical signal) that conjointly occurs with the fragmentation of bulk Li on the opposite electrode (asymmetrical signal). Moreover, in situ EPR correlated spectroscopy and imaging (spectral-spatial EPR imaging) allows the identification (spectral) and localization (spatial) of the sub-micrometric Li particles created by plating (deposition) or stripping (altered bulk Li surface). We finally demonstrate the possibility to visualize, via in situ EPR imaging, dendrites formed through the separator in the whole cell. Such a technique could be of great help in mastering the Li-electrolyte interface issues that plague the development of solid-state batteries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21598-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T06:09:58Z","timestamp":1614751798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Monitoring metallic sub-micrometric lithium structures in Li-ion batteries by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance correlated spectroscopy and imaging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles-Emmanuel","family":"Dutoit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxue","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Gourier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Tarascon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Vezin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Salager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"21598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Liu, Y., Lin, D., Pei, A. & Cui, Y. Materials for lithium-ion battery safety. Sci, Adv. 4, eaas9820 (2018).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas9820"},{"key":"21598_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.02.063","volume":"384","author":"T Waldmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waldmann, T., Hogg, B. I. & Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells\u2014a review. J. Power Sources 384, 107\u2013124 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"21598_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b02668","volume":"5","author":"KB Hatzell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hatzell, K. B. et al. Challenges in lithium metal anodes for solid-state batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 922\u2013934 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"21598_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88683","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA19482F","volume":"6","author":"Q Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Understanding undesirable anode lithium plating issues in lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 6, 88683\u201388700 (2016).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"21598_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228135","volume":"461","author":"T Foroozan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foroozan, T., Sharifi-Asl, S. & Shahbazian-Yassar, R. Mechanistic understanding of li dendrites growth by in- situ\/operando imaging techniques. J. Power Sources 461, 228135 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"21598_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathiya, M. et al. Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging for real-time monitoring of li-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 6, 6276 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7276"},{"key":"21598_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE02730B","volume":"8","author":"J Wandt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wandt, J. et al. Operando electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy\u2014formation of mossy lithium on lithium anodes during charge\u2013discharge cycling. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1358\u20131367 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"21598_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.11.001","volume":"21","author":"J Wandt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wandt, J., Jakes, P., Granwehr, J., Eichel, R.-A. & Gasteiger, H. A. Quantitative and time-resolved detection of lithium plating on graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries. Mater. Today 21, 231\u2013240 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"21598_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32112-y","volume":"8","author":"A Niem\u00f6ller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niem\u00f6ller, A., Jakes, P., Eichel, R. A. & Granwehr, J. EPR Imaging of metallic lithium and its application to dendrite localisation in battery separators. Sci. 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Selective NMR observation of the SEI-metal interface by dynamic nuclear polarisation from lithium metal. Nat. commun. 11, 2224 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. commun."},{"key":"21598_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4363(86)90005-7","volume":"138","author":"GG Maresch","year":"1986","unstructured":"Maresch, G. G., Mehring, M. & Emid, S. High resolution ESR imaging. 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