{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:16:56Z","timestamp":1782465416661,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California Office of the President via Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wildfires are becoming more frequent and destructive in a changing climate. Fine particulate matter, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, in wildfire smoke adversely impacts human health. Recent toxicological studies suggest that wildfire particulate matter may be more toxic than equal doses of ambient PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. Air quality regulations however assume that the toxicity of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> does not vary across different sources of emission. Assessing whether PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> from wildfires is more or less harmful than PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> from other sources is a pressing public health concern. Here, we isolate the wildfire-specific PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> using a series of statistical approaches and exposure definitions. We found increases in respiratory hospitalizations ranging from 1.3 to up to 10% with a 10\u2009\u03bcg\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> increase in wildfire-specific PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, compared to 0.67 to 1.3% associated with non-wildfire PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. Our conclusions point to the need for air quality policies to consider the variability in PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> impacts on human health according to the sources of emission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21708-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:03:22Z","timestamp":1614942202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":593,"title":["Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7993-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosana","family":"Aguilera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Corringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gershunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Benmarhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"21708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-799-2005","volume":"5","author":"JS Reid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F. & Eleuterio, D. P. A review of biomass burning emissions Part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 799\u2013825 (2005).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"21708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.10.015","volume":"136","author":"JC Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, J. C., Pereira, G., Uhl, S. A., Bravo, M. A. & Bell, M. L. A systematic review of the physical health impacts from non-occupational exposure to wildfire smoke. Environ. Res. 136, 120\u2013132 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"21708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000136","volume":"2","author":"P Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta, P. et al. Impact of California fires on local and regional air quality: the role of a low-cost sensor network and satellite observations. GeoHealth 2, 172\u2013181 (2018).","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"21708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GH000073","volume":"1","author":"RW Gan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan, R. W. et al. Comparison of wildfire smoke estimation methods and associations with cardiopulmonary-related hospital admissions. GeoHealth 1, 122\u2013136 (2017).","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"21708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804353115","volume":"115","author":"CD McClure","year":"2018","unstructured":"McClure, C. D. & Jaffe, D. A. US particulate matter air quality improves except in wildfire-prone areas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 7901\u20137906 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"21708_CR6","first-page":"E69","volume":"8","author":"YF Xing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xing, Y. F., Xu, Y. H., Shi, M. H. & Lian, Y. X. The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. J. Thorac. Dis. 8, E69 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"21708_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","volume":"56","author":"CA Pope III","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pope, C. A. III & Dockery, D. W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56, 709\u2013742 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"21708_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.991856","volume":"65","author":"F Lurmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lurmann, F., Avol, E. & Gilliland, F. Emissions reduction policies and recent trends in Southern California\u2019s ambient air quality. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 65, 324\u2013335 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"21708_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000144","volume":"2","author":"B Ford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ford, B. et al. Future fire impacts on smoke concentrations, visibility, and health in the contiguous United States. GeoHealth 2, 229\u2013247 (2018).","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"21708_CR10","unstructured":"WHO (2005). Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005. Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide."},{"key":"21708_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600985875","volume":"19","author":"LP Naeher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Naeher, L. P. et al. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhal. Toxicol. 19, 67\u2013106 (2007).","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"21708_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.31","volume":"19","author":"O H\u00e4nninen","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00e4nninen, O. et al. Population exposure to fine particles and estimated excess mortality in Finland from an East European wildfire episode. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 19, 414\u2013422 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"21708_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.062","volume":"603","author":"TTT Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong, T. T. T., Hinwood, A. L., Callan, A. C., Zosky, G. & Stock, W. D. In vitro assessment of the toxicity of bushfire emissions: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 603, 268\u2013278 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"21708_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800166","volume":"117","author":"TC Wegesser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wegesser, T. C., Pinkerton, K. E. & Last, J. A. California wildfires of 2008: coarse and fine particulate matter toxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 893\u2013897 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"21708_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017011","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2200","volume":"126","author":"YH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, Y. H. et al. Mutagenicity and lung toxicity of smoldering vs. flaming emissions from various biomass fuels: implications for health effects from wildland fires. Environ. Health Perspect. 126, 017011 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"21708_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.756086","volume":"25","author":"CT Migliaccio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Migliaccio, C. T. et al. Adverse effects of wood smoke PM2. 5 exposure on macrophage functions. Inhal. Toxicol. 25, 67\u201376 (2013).","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"21708_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2016.1145771","volume":"28","author":"O Adetona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adetona, O. et al. Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhal. Toxicol. 28, 95\u2013139 (2016).","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"21708_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.12.981","volume":"141","author":"W Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, W., Jin, Y. & Carlsten, C. Inflammatory health effects of indoor and outdoor particulate matter. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141, 833\u2013844 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"21708_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1021\/es8021667","volume":"43","author":"V Verma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verma, V. et al. Physicochemical and toxicological profiles of particulate matter in Los Angeles during the October 2007 southern California wildfires. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 954\u2013960 (2009).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21708_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390600751264","volume":"69","author":"S Karthikeyan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karthikeyan, S., Balasubramanian, R. & Iouri, K. Particulate air pollution from bushfires: human exposure and possible health effects. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 69, 1895\u20131908 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"21708_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.10.017","volume":"266","author":"KM Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams, K. M., Franzi, L. M. & Last, J. A. Cell-specific oxidative stress and cytotoxicity after wildfire coarse particulate matter instillation into mouse lung. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 266, 48\u201355 (2013).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"21708_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.041376","volume":"66","author":"RJ Delfino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Delfino, R. J. et al. The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003. Occup. Environ. Med. 66, 189\u2013197 (2009).","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"21708_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277","volume":"124","author":"CE Reid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reid, C. E. et al. Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 1334\u20131343 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"21708_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105151","volume":"133","author":"JD Stowell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stowell, J. D. et al. Associations of wildfire smoke PM2. 5 exposure with cardiorespiratory events in Colorado 2011\u20132014. Environ. Int. 133, 105151 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"21708_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000556","volume":"28","author":"JC Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, J. C. et al. Wildfire-specific fine particulate matter and risk of hospital admissions in urban and rural counties. Epidemiology 28, 77\u201385 (2017).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"21708_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL067887","volume":"43","author":"J Guzman-Morales","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guzman-Morales, J., Gershunov, A., Theiss, J., Li, H. & Cayan, D. Santa Ana Winds of Southern California: their climatology, extremes, and behavior spanning six and a half decades. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2827\u20132834 (2016).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"21708_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO310001","volume":"85","author":"AL Westerling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Westerling, A. L., Cayan, D. R., Brown, T. J., Hall, B. L. & Riddle, L. G. Climate, Santa Ana winds and autumn wildfires in Southern California. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 85, 289\u2013296 (2004).","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"21708_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1020019","volume":"1","author":"CA Kolden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kolden, C. A. & Abatzoglou, J. T. Spatial distribution of wildfires ignited under katabatic versus non-katabatic winds in Mediterranean Southern California USA. Fire 1, 19 (2018).","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"21708_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210","volume":"7","author":"AP Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams A. P., et al. Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California. Earth\u2019s Future 7, 892\u2013910 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"21708_CR30","first-page":"287","volume":"107","author":"JE Keeley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keeley, J. E., Safford, H., Fotheringham, C. J., Franklin, J. & Moritz, M. The 2007 southern California wildfires: lessons in complexity. J. For. 107, 287\u2013296 (2009).","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"21708_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019GH000225","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000225","volume":"4","author":"R Aguilera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aguilera, R., Gershunov, A., Ilango, S. D., Guzman\u2010Morales, J. & Benmarhnia, T. Santa Ana winds of Southern California impact PM2.5 with and without smoke from wildfires. GeoHealth 4, e2019GH000225 (2020).","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"21708_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12085","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-12085-2014","volume":"14","author":"S Hasheminassab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hasheminassab, S. et al. Spatial and temporal variability of sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in California. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 12085 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"21708_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1021\/es404810z","volume":"48","author":"J Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu, J. et al. Identifying PM2. 5 and PM0. 1 sources for epidemiological studies in California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 4980\u20134990 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21708_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv343","volume":"184","author":"B Ostro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ostro, B. et al. Associations of source-specific fine particulate matter with emergency department visits in California. Am. J. Epidemiol. 184, 450\u2013459 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"21708_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000142","volume":"3","author":"EM Lipner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lipner, E. M. et al. The associations between clinical respiratory outcomes and ambient wildfire smoke exposure among pediatric asthma patients at National Jewish Health, 2012\u20132015. GeoHealth 3, 146\u2013159 (2019).","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"21708_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002601","volume":"15","author":"JA Hutchinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hutchinson, J. A. et al. The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: an observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis. PLoS Med. 15, e1002601 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"21708_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu115","volume":"1","author":"ML Bell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bell, M. L., Zanobetti, A. & Dominici, F. Who is more affected by ozone pollution? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1, 15\u201328 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"21708_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11065","DOI":"10.1021\/es402164f","volume":"47","author":"DA Jaffe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaffe, D. A. et al. Impact of wildfires on ozone exceptional events in the western US. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 11065\u201311072 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21708_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.063","volume":"51","author":"DA Jaffe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaffe, D. A. & Wigder, N. L. Ozone production from wildfires: a critical review. Atmos. Environ. 51, 1\u201310 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"21708_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.033","volume":"129","author":"CE Reid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reid, C. E. et al. Associations between respiratory health and ozone and fine particulate matter during a wildfire event. Environ. Int. 129, 291\u2013298 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"21708_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.088","volume":"254","author":"GL Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson, G. L., Telesca, D., Reid, C. E., Pfister, G. G. & Jerrett, M. Machine learning models accurately predict ozone exposure during wildfire events. Environ. Pollut. 254, 112792 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"21708_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx141","volume":"186","author":"JC Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, J. C. et al. Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke? Am. J. Epidemiol. 186, 730\u2013735 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"21708_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibel, S., et al. Increase in pediatric respiratory visits associated with santa ana wind-driven wildfire and PM2.5 levels in San Diego County. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. (in press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201902-150OC"},{"key":"21708_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370903571849","volume":"22","author":"TC Wegesser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wegesser, T. C., Franzi, L. M., Mitloehner, F. M., Eiguren-Fernandez, A. & Last, J. A. Lung antioxidant and cytokine responses to coarse and fine particulate matter from the great California wildfires of 2008. Inhal. Toxicol. 22, 561\u2013570 (2010).","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"21708_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.09.003","volume":"257","author":"LM Franzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franzi, L. M., Bratt, J. M., Williams, K. M. & Last, J. A. Why is particulate matter produced by wildfires toxic to lung macrophages? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 257, 182\u2013188 (2011).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"21708_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab83a7","volume":"15","author":"M Goss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goss, M. et al. Climate change is increasing the likelihood of extreme autumn wildfire conditions across California. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 094016 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"21708_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201680","volume":"13","author":"AD Syphard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Syphard, A. D., Sheehan, T., Rustigian-Romsos, H., & Ferschweiler, K. Mapping future fire probability under climate change: does vegetation matter? PloS ONE 13, e0201680 (2018).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"21708_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080261","volume":"46","author":"J Guzman-Morales","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guzman-Morales, J. & Gershunov, A. Climate change suppresses Santa Ana winds of Southern California and sharpens their seasonality. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 2772\u20132780 (2019).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"21708_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1071\/WF14024","volume":"24","author":"AD Syphard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Syphard, A. D. & Keeley, J. E. Location, timing and extent of wildfire vary by cause of ignition. Int. J. Wildland Fire 24, 37\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"21708_CR50","unstructured":"ESRI (2017). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.5. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute."},{"key":"21708_CR51","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2018. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"21708_CR52","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16.","author":"StataCorp.","year":"2019","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, 2019)."},{"key":"21708_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1175\/2008WAF2222165.1","volume":"24","author":"GD Rolph","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rolph, G. D. et al. Description and verification of the NOAA smoke forecasting system: the 2007 fire season. Weather Forecast. 24, 361\u2013378 (2009).","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"21708_CR54","first-page":"1745","volume":"18","author":"SJ Brey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brey, S. J., Ruminski, M., Atwood, S. A. & Fischer, E. V. Connecting smoke plumes to sources using Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke and fire location data over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 1745\u20131761 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"21708_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/2951620","volume":"62","author":"G Imbens","year":"1994","unstructured":"Imbens, G. & Angrist, J. Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. Econometrica 62, 467\u2013475 (1994).","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"21708_CR56","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"JM Wooldridge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wooldridge, J. M. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. (MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010)."},{"key":"21708_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i02","volume":"27","author":"Y Croissant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Croissant, Y. & Millo, G. Panel Data Econometrics in R: the plm Package. J. Stat. Softw. 27, 1\u201343 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"21708_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-009","volume":"9","author":"S Moritz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moritz, S. & Bartz-Beielstein, T. imputeTS: time series missing value imputation in R. R. J. 9, 207\u2013218 (2017).","journal-title":"R. J."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21708-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21708-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21708-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T18:06:20Z","timestamp":1675015580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-21708-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-21708-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1493"}}