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A prominent but poorly understood risk factor for the\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    commensal\u2012pathogen transition is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Here, we report that \u03b2-lactam antibiotics cause bacteria to release significant quantities of peptidoglycan fragments that potently induce the invasive hyphal growth of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We identify several active peptidoglycan subunits, including tracheal cytotoxin, a molecule produced by many Gram-negative bacteria, and fragments purified from the cell wall of Gram-positive\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Feeding mice with \u03b2-lactam antibiotics causes a peptidoglycan storm that transforms the gut from a niche usually restraining\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the commensal state to promoting invasive growth, leading to systemic dissemination. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying a significant risk factor for\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, which could inform clinicians regarding future antibiotic selection to minimize this deadly disease incidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22845-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1620367440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["A peptidoglycan storm caused by \u03b2-lactam antibiotic\u2019s action on host microbiota drives Candida albicans infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0092-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chew Teng","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0188-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"22845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1247140","volume":"8","author":"HE Hallen-Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hallen-Adams, H. 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