{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:19:43Z","timestamp":1789705183915,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NIH Medical Research Scholars Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evolutionary theory suggests that some animal species may experience shifts in their offspring sex ratio in response to maternal health and environmental conditions, and in some unfavorable conditions, females may be less likely to bear sons. Experimental data in both animals and humans indicate that maternal inflammation may disproportionately impact the viability of male conceptuses; however, it is unknown whether other factors associated with both pregnancy and inflammation, such as vitamin D status, are associated with the offspring sex ratio. Here, we show that among 1,228 women attempting pregnancy, preconception 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are positively associated with the live birth of a male infant, with notably stronger associations among women with elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic low-grade inflammation. Our findings suggest that vitamin D may mitigate maternal inflammation that would otherwise be detrimental to the implantation or survival of male conceptuses in utero.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23083-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1620900196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The role of maternal preconception vitamin D status in human offspring sex ratio"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra C.","family":"Purdue-Smithe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keewan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Nobles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique F.","family":"Schisterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Schliep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil J.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"Sjaarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannie G.","family":"Radoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunni L.","family":"Mumford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"23083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.90","volume":"179","author":"RL Trivers","year":"1973","unstructured":"Trivers, R. L. & Willard, D. E. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179, 90\u201392 (1973).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"23083_CR2","first-page":"37","volume":"156","author":"BB Allan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Allan, B. B., Brant, R., Seidel, J. E. & Jarrell, J. F. Declining sex ratios in Canada. CMAJ 156, 37\u201341 (1997).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"23083_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"TJ Mathews","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathews, T. J. & Hamilton, B. E. Trend analysis of the sex ratio at birth in the United States. Nat. Vital. Stat. 53, 1\u201317 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Vital. Stat."},{"key":"23083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.13.1018","volume":"279","author":"DL Davis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis, D. L., Gottlieb, M. B. & Stampnitzky, J. R. Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: a sentinel health indicator? JAMA 279, 1018\u20131023 (1998).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"23083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65253-1","volume":"348","author":"H Moller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moller, H. Change in male:female ratio among newborn infants in Denmark. Lancet 348, 828\u2013829 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"23083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.5.1394","volume":"13","author":"F Parazzini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parazzini, F., La Vecchia, C., Levi, F. & Franceschi, S. Trends in male:female ratio among newborn infants in 29 countries from five continents. Hum. Reprod. 13, 1394\u20131396 (1998).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.121087","volume":"91","author":"KB Dobbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dobbs, K. B. et al. Sexual dimorphism in developmental programming of the bovine preimplantation embryo caused by colony-stimulating factor 2. Biol. Reprod. 91, 80 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20366","volume":"72","author":"M Perez-Crespo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perez-Crespo, M. et al. Differential sensitivity of male and female mouse embryos to oxidative induced heat-stress is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 72, 502\u2013510 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"23083_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82357","volume":"125","author":"RG Radin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Radin, R. G. et al. Sex ratio following preconception low-dose aspirin in women with prior pregnancy loss. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 3619\u20133626 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"23083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08362-9","volume":"359","author":"M Fukuda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Shimizu, T., Andersen, C. Y. & Byskov, A. G. Parental periconceptional smoking and male: female ratio of newborn infants. Lancet 359, 1407\u20131408 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"23083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4293","volume":"87","author":"M Sakamoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sakamoto, M., Nakano, A. & Akagi, H. Declining Minamata male birth ratio associated with increased male fetal death due to heavy methylmercury pollution. Environ. Res. 87, 92\u201398 (2001).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"23083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.06.002","volume":"123","author":"M Fukuda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukuda, M., Fukuda, K., Mason, S., Shimizu, T. & Yding Andersen, C. The sex ratio at birth after recent major earthquakes in Japan. Early Hum. Dev. 123, 30\u201331 (2018).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"23083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0482","volume":"4","author":"S Helle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helle, S., Helama, S. & Jokela, J. Temperature-related birth sex ratio bias in historical Sami: warm years bring more sons. Biol. Lett. 4, 60\u201362 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"23083_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710711104","volume":"105","author":"R Catalano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Catalano, R., Bruckner, T. & Smith, K. R. Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 2244\u20132247 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"23083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1213","volume":"102","author":"M Fukuda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuda, M. et al. Climate change is associated with male:female ratios of fetal deaths and newborn infants in Japan. Fertil. Steril. 102, 1364\u20131370.e1362 (2014).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"23083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.4.244","volume":"54","author":"V Grech","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grech, V., Vassallo-Agius, P. & Savona-Ventura, C. Declining male births with increasing geographical latitude in Europe. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 54, 244\u2013246 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"23083_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.050492","volume":"61","author":"M Masoudi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masoudi, M. & Saadat, M. Altitude, latitude and sex ratio at birth in Iran. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 61, 172\u2013172 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"23083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick, M. F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Eng. J. Med. 357, 266\u2013281 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"23083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003332","volume":"186","author":"NQ Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, N. Q. et al. Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J. Immunol. 186, 5968\u20135974 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"23083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0336","volume":"19","author":"H Du","year":"2005","unstructured":"Du, H., Daftary, G. S., Lalwani, S. I. & Taylor, H. S. Direct regulation of HOXA10 by 1, 25-(OH) 2D3 in human myelomonocytic cells and human endometrial stromal cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 2222\u20132233 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"23083_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30153-0","volume":"6","author":"SL Mumford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mumford, S. L. et al. Association of preconception serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with livebirth and pregnancy loss: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 725\u2013732 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"23083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.037","volume":"108","author":"JL Fung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fung, J. L., Hartman, T. J., Schleicher, R. L. & Goldman, M. B. Association of vitamin D intake and serum levels with fertility: results from the lifestyle and fertility study. Fertil. Steril. 108, 302\u2013311 (2017).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"23083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez170","volume":"34","author":"AMZ Jukic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jukic, A. M. Z. et al. Pre-conception 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and fecundability. Hum. Reprod. 34, 2163\u20132172 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des280","volume":"27","author":"B Rudick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rudick, B. et al. Characterizing the influence of vitamin D levels on IVF outcomes. Hum. Reprod. 27, 3321\u20133327 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.019","volume":"94","author":"S Ozkan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozkan, S. et al. Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 94, 1314\u20131319 (2010).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"23083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.030890","volume":"71","author":"CS Rosenfeld","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, C. S. & Roberts, R. M. Maternal diet and other factors affecting offspring sex ratio: a review. Biol. Reprod. 71, 1063\u20131070 (2004).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510567103","volume":"103","author":"R Catalano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Catalano, R. & Bruckner, T. Secondary sex ratios and male lifespan: damaged or culled cohorts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 1639\u20131643 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"23083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh763","volume":"20","author":"R Catalano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Gould, J., Eskenazi, B. & Anderson, E. Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Hum. Reprod. 20, 1221\u20131227 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg370","volume":"18","author":"RA Catalano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Catalano, R. A. Sex ratios in the two Germanies: a test of the economic stress hypothesis. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1972\u20131975 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1159\/000439278","volume":"22","author":"F Ashtari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashtari, F., Toghianifar, N., Zarkesh-Esfahani, S. H. & Mansourian, M. Short-term effect of high-dose vitamin D on the level of interleukin 10 in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neuroimmunomodulation 22, 400\u2013404 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"23083_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.06.010","volume":"18","author":"RM Roberts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberts, R. M. Interferon-tau, a Type 1 interferon involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18, 403\u2013408 (2007).","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"23083_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171305398","volume":"98","author":"MA Larson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Larson, M. A., Kimura, K., Kubisch, H. M. & Roberts, R. M. Sexual dimorphism among bovine embryos in their ability to make the transition to expanded blastocyst and in the expression of the signaling molecule IFN-tau. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9677\u20139682 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"23083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makrigiannakis, A., Vrekoussis, T., Zoumakis, E., Kalantaridou, S. N. & Jeschke, U. The role of hCG in implantation: a mini-review of molecular and clinical evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18061305 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061305"},{"key":"23083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem397","volume":"23","author":"PA Nepomnaschy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nepomnaschy, P. A., Weinberg, C. R., Wilcox, A. J. & Baird, D. D. Urinary hCG patterns during the week following implantation. Hum. Reprod. 23, 271\u2013277 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2013.06.023","volume":"334","author":"WH James","year":"2013","unstructured":"James, W. H. Evolution and the variation of mammalian sex ratios at birth: reflections on Trivers and Willard (1973). J. Theor. Biol. 334, 141\u2013148 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"23083_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.11.010","volume":"31","author":"VL Clifton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clifton, V. L. Review: sex and the human placenta: mediating differential strategies of fetal growth and survival. Placenta 31(Suppl), S33\u2013S39 (2010).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"23083_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532.e531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.12.032","volume":"200","author":"M Yeganegi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yeganegi, M. et al. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 supernatant and fetal sex on lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine and prostaglandin-regulating enzymes in human placental trophoblast cells: implications for treatment of bacterial vaginosis and prevention of preterm labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200, 532.e531\u2013538 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"23083_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.02.005","volume":"81","author":"L Diaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diaz, L. et al. Calcitriol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cytokines in human trophoblasts. J. Reprod. Immunol. 81, 17\u201324 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"23083_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.023","volume":"195","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goldenberg, R. L. et al. The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: intrauterine infection and placental histologic findings in preterm births of males and females less than 32 weeks. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 195, 1533\u20131537 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"23083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032626","volume":"10","author":"L Bialy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bialy, L. et al. Vitamin D supplementation to improve pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: an overview of 42 systematic reviews. BMJ Open 10, e032626 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"23083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13239","volume":"43","author":"SS Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, S. S., Tao, Y. H., Huang, K., Zhu, B. B. & Tao, F. B. Vitamin D and risk of preterm birth: up-to-date meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Res. 43, 247\u2013256 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Res."},{"key":"23083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.055426","volume":"98","author":"AD Gernand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gernand, A. D., Bodnar, L. M., Klebanoff, M. A., Parks, W. T. & Simhan, H. N. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and placental vascular pathology in a multicenter US cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 383\u2013388 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"23083_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez283","volume":"35","author":"QE Harmon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harmon, Q. E. et al. Vitamin D and reproductive hormones across the menstrual cycle. Hum. Reprod. 35, 413\u2013423 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60157-4","volume":"384","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schisterman, E. F. et al. Preconception low-dose aspirin and pregnancy outcomes: results from the EAGeR randomised trial. Lancet 384, 29\u201336 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"23083_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12088","volume":"27","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schisterman, E. F. et al. A randomised trial to evaluate the effects of low\u2010dose aspirin in gestation and reproduction: design and baseline characteristics. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 27, 598\u2013609 (2013).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"23083_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1990.10389587","volume":"5","author":"RW Hornung","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hornung, R. W. & Reed, L. D. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5, 46\u201351 (1990).","journal-title":"Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"23083_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holick, M. F. et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 1911\u20131930 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"23083_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206074463","volume":"16","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2007","unstructured":"van Buuren, S. Multiple imputation of discrete and continuous data by fully conditional specification. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 16, 219\u2013242 (2007).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"23083_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det333","volume":"28","author":"LA Wise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wise, L. A., Palmer, J. R. & Rosenberg, L. Body size and time-to-pregnancy in black women. Hum. Reprod. 28, 2856\u20132864 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","volume":"8","author":"I Shrier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shrier, I. & Platt, R. W. Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 8, 70 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"23083_CR51","first-page":"2295","volume":"33","author":"AM Modest","year":"2018","unstructured":"Modest, A. M. et al. IVF success corrected for drop-out: use of inverse probability weighting. Hum. Reprod. 33, 2295\u20132301 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"23083_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164","volume":"168","author":"SR Cole","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cole, S. R. & Hernan, M. A. Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168, 656\u2013664 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"23083_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2917","volume":"102","author":"LA Sjaarda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sjaarda, L. A. et al. Preconception low-dose aspirin restores diminished pregnancy and live birth rates in women with low-grade inflammation: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. J. Clin. Enodcrinol. Metab. 102, 1495\u20131504 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Enodcrinol. Metab."},{"key":"23083_CR54","unstructured":"Nehring, S. M. & Patel, B. C. C Reactive Protein (CRP) [Updated 2019 Apr 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441843\/."},{"key":"23083_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.031","volume":"101","author":"RB Lathi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lathi, R. B. et al. Reliability of 46,XX results on miscarriage specimens: a review of 1,222 first-trimester miscarriage specimens. Fertil. Steril. 101, 178\u2013182 (2014).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-23083-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-23083-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-23083-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T12:18:33Z","timestamp":1669983513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-23083-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-23083-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2789"}}