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While rising insecticide resistance has threatened the control of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes, advances in CRISPR genome-editing tools have fostered the development of alternative genetic strategies such as gene drive systems to fight disease vectors. However, though gene-drive technology has quickly progressed in other mosquitoes, advances have been lacking in\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we develop a\n                    <jats:italic>Culex-<\/jats:italic>\n                    specific Cas9\/gRNA expression toolkit and use site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cas9-expressing line. We show that gRNA scaffold variants improve transgenesis efficiency in both\n                    <jats:italic>Culex\u00a0quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila\u00a0melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    and boost gene-drive performance in the fruit fly. These findings support future technology development to control\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes and provide valuable insight for improving these tools in other species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23239-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T06:03:08Z","timestamp":1621490588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuechun","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-3072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"L\u00f3pez Del Amo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0172-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Mameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7189-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena L.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Perrimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentino M.","family":"Gantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"23239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.08.013","volume":"11","author":"A Farajollahi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farajollahi, A., Fonseca, D. 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V.M.G. also serves on both the company\u2019s Scientific Advisory Board and the Board of Directors of Synbal, Inc. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. X.F., V.L.D.A., E.M., M.L., A.L.B., and N.P. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2960"}}