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A key prediction of this hypothesis is that\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections of non-feline hosts are associated with costly behavior toward\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s definitive hosts; however, this effect has not been documented in any of the parasite\u2019s diverse wild hosts during naturally occurring interactions with felines. Here, three decades of field observations reveal that\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected hyena cubs approach lions more closely than uninfected peers and have higher rates of lion mortality. We discuss these results in light of 1) the possibility that hyena boldness represents an extended phenotype of the parasite, and 2) alternative scenarios in which\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has not undergone selection to manipulate behavior in host hyenas. Both cases remain plausible and have important ramifications for\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    s impacts on host behavior and fitness in the wild.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24092-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T06:02:49Z","timestamp":1624341769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii infections are associated with costly boldness toward felids in a wild host"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eben","family":"Gering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary M.","family":"Laubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patty Sue D.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Soboll Hussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2690-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenna D. 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