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Recent studies suggest the involvement of an interbacterial killing device known as the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we tested the T6SS-dependent interaction of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> with a selection of human gut commensal isolates. We show that the pathogen efficiently depleted representative genera of the Proteobacteria in vitro, while members of the <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic> complex and several <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> species remained unaffected. We demonstrate that this resistance against T6SS assaults was mediated by the production of superior T6SS machinery or a barrier exerted by group I capsules. Collectively, our data provide new insights into immunity protein-independent T6SS resistance employed by the human microbiota and colonization resistance in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26041-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T11:02:54Z","timestamp":1633086174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Human commensal gut Proteobacteria withstand type VI secretion attacks through immunity protein-independent mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6073-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Flaugnatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8306-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo F.","family":"Lemos Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Stutzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6648-1594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaya","family":"Rendueles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Stoudmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8561-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Vesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Garcia-Garcera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Buffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0723-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault G.","family":"Sana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo P. 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