{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:10:29Z","timestamp":1790169029599,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The UK prioritised delivery of the first dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer\/BioNTech) and AZD1222 (AstraZeneca) vaccines by extending the interval between doses up to 12 weeks. In 750 participants aged 50\u201389 years, we here compare serological responses after BNT162b2 and AZD1222 vaccination with varying dose intervals, and evaluate these against real-world national vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against COVID-19 in England.\u00a0We show that antibody levels 14\u201335 days after dose two are higher in BNT162b2 recipients with an extended vaccine interval (65\u201384 days) compared with those vaccinated with a standard (19\u201329 days) interval. Following the extended schedule, antibody levels were 6-fold higher at 14\u201335 days post dose 2 for BNT162b2 than AZD1222. For both vaccines, VE was higher across all age-groups from 14 days after dose two compared to one dose, but the magnitude varied with dose interval. Higher dose two VE was observed with &gt;6 week interval between BNT162b2 doses compared to the standard schedule.\u00a0Our findings suggest higher effectiveness against infection using an extended vaccine schedule. Given global vaccine constraints these results are relevant to policymakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27410-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T06:04:11Z","timestamp":1639116251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Serological responses and vaccine effectiveness for extended COVID-19 vaccine schedules in England"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2078-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayatri","family":"Amirthalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie Lopez","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5833-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Stowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Tessier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathyavani","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Baawuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezra","family":"Linley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenesha","family":"Warrener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Whillock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamez N.","family":"Ladhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"27410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30371-6","volume":"20","author":"S de Lusignan","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Lusignan, S. et al. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 1034\u20131042 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"27410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430\u2013436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","volume":"584","author":"EJ Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson, E. J. et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584, 430\u2013436 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"27410_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clift, A. K. et al. Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study. BMJ 371, m3731 (2020).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3731"},{"key":"27410_CR4","unstructured":"Department of Health & Social Care. Independent report: optimising the COVID-19 vaccination programme for maximum short-term impact. (2021)."},{"key":"27410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subbarao, S. et al. Robust antibody responses in 70-80-year-olds 3 weeks after the first or second doses of Pfizer\/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, United Kingdom, January to February 2021. Euro Surveill. 26, 2100329 (2021).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.12.2100329"},{"key":"27410_CR6","unstructured":"Department of Health & Social Care. Annex A: report to JCVI on estimated efficacy of a single dose of Pfizer BioNTech (BNT162b2 mRNA) vaccine and of a single dose of ChAdOx1 vaccine (AZD1222). (2021)."},{"key":"27410_CR7","unstructured":"Department of Health & Social Care. Annex B: comparison between 1 and 2 dose prioritisation for a fixed number of doses. 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National immunisation management system (NIMS). https:\/\/www.graphnethealth.com\/solutions\/immunisation-systems\/ (2021)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28393-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000}}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-27410-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-27410-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-27410-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T14:27:50Z","timestamp":1669991270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-021-27410-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27410-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.26.21261140","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28393-7","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28393-7","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.E.R. reports that the Immunisation and Countermeasures Division (UKHSA) has provided vaccine manufacturers with post-marketing surveillance reports on pneumococcal and meningococcal infection, which the companies are required to submit to the UK licensing authority in compliance with their risk management strategy. A cost-recovery charge is made for these reports. E.L. report that the PHE Vaccine Evaluation Unit does contract research on behalf of GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, and Pfizer, which is outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The CONSENSUS protocol was approved by PHE Research Ethics Governance Group (reference NR0253; 18\/01\/2021), informed consent was obtained from participants and compensation for participation was not provided.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"7217"}}