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Here, we develop ligand-switchable nanoparticles which resemble viral unique surfaces, enabling them\u00a0to fully display diverse functions. The nanoparticles are modified with a pH-responsive stretchable cell-penetrating peptide (Pep) and a liver-targeting moiety (Gal) (Pep\/Gal-PNPs). Once orally administered, the acidic environments trigger the extension of Pep from surface in a virus-like manner, enabling Pep\/Gal-PNPs to traverse intestinal barriers efficiently. Subsequently, Gal is exposed by Pep folding at physiological pH, thereby allowing the specific targeting of Pep\/Gal-PNPs to the liver. As a proof-of-concept, insulin-loaded Pep\/Gal-PNPs are fabricated which exhibit effective intestinal absorption and excellent hepatic deposition of insulin. Crucially, Pep\/Gal-PNPs increase hepatic glycogen production by 7.2-fold, contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis for effective diabetes management. 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