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The TC genesis is nourished by warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). During El Ni\u00f1o, the western Pacific warm pool extends eastward. However, the number of TCs does not increase significantly with the expanding warm pool and it remains comparable between El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a. Here, we show that the subsurface heat content change counteracts the favorable SSTs in the tropical central-north Pacific. Due to the anomalous positive wind stress curl, the 26\u2009\u00b0C isotherm shoals during El Ni\u00f1o over this region and the heat content diminishes in the tropical central-north Pacific, even though warm SST anomalies prevail. This negative correlation between SST and 26\u2009\u00b0C isotherm depth anomalies is opposite to the positive correlation in the tropical eastern and western Pacific. This is critical because quantifying the dynamics of the subsurface ocean provides insight into TC genesis. The trend in TC genesis continues to be debated. Future projections must account for the net effect of the surface-subsurface dynamics on TCs, especially given the expected El Ni\u00f1o-like pattern over the tropical Pacific under global warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35530-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T06:06:27Z","timestamp":1670997987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Unexpected limitation of tropical cyclone genesis by subsurface tropical central-north Pacific during El Ni\u00f1o"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1006-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0433-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunzai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.-I.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghu","family":"Murtugudde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"35530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.23.010191.001143","volume":"23","author":"KA Emanuel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Emanuel, K. 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