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Optical imaging through the near-infrared-II window (NIR-II, 1000\u20131700 nm) can penetrate deep tissues without radiation risk, but the targeting of contrast agent is non-specific. Here, we report that lanthanide-doped nanocrystals can passively target the bone marrow, which can be effective for over two months. We therefore develop the high-resolution NIR-II imaging method for bone disease diagnosis, including the 3D bone imaging instrumentation to show the intravital bone morphology. We demonstrate the monitoring of 1\u2009mm bone defects with spatial resolution comparable to the X-ray imaging result. Moreover, NIR-II imaging can reveal the early onset inflammation as the synovitis in the early stage of rheumatoid arthritis, comparable to micro computed tomography (\u03bcCT) in diagnosis of osteoarthritis, including the symptoms of osteophyte and hyperostosis in the knee joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42001-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T06:02:07Z","timestamp":1696831327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Bone disease imaging through the near-infrared-II window"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0895-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Mi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengzhen","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0616-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0605-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5617-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"42001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-018-0016-5","volume":"1","author":"A Gr\u00fcneboom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcneboom, A. et al. 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