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Here, we aim to analyse the intra-individual inter-organ and intra-organ microbiome in deceased humans. We collected 1608 samples from 53 sites of 7 surface organs (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, appendix, large intestine and skin; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200933 subjects) and performed microbiome profiling, including 16S full-length sequencing. Microbial diversity varied dramatically among organs, and core microbial species co-existed in different intra-individual organs. We deciphered microbial changes across distinct intra-organ sites, and identified signature microbes, their functional traits, and interactions specific to each site. We revealed significant microbial heterogeneity between paired mucosa-lumen samples of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Finally, we established the landscape of inter-organ relationships of microbes along the digestive tract. Therefore, we generate a catalogue of bacterial composition, diversity, interaction, functional traits, and bacterial translocation in human at inter-organ and intra-organ levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44720-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T11:02:38Z","timestamp":1704884558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Defining the biogeographical map and potential bacterial translocation of microbiome in human \u2018surface organs\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jun-Jun","family":"She","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ming","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry Cheuk-Hay","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Guang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu-Jun","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gai-Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Hao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinnan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Chun","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"44720_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0307-y","volume":"8","author":"J Lloyd-Price","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G. & Huttenhower, C. 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