{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:17:28Z","timestamp":1794493048826,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hallucinations are frequent non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) associated with dementia and higher mortality. Despite their high clinical relevance, current assessments of hallucinations are based on verbal self-reports and interviews that are limited by important biases. Here, we used virtual reality (VR), robotics, and digital online technology to quantify presence hallucination (vivid sensations that another person is nearby when no one is actually present and can neither be seen nor heard) in laboratory and home-based settings. We establish that elevated numerosity estimation of virtual human agents in VR is a digital marker for experimentally induced presence hallucinations in healthy participants, as confirmed across several control conditions and analyses. We translated the digital marker (numerosity estimation) to an online procedure that 170 PD patients carried out remotely at their homes, revealing that PD patients with disease-related presence hallucinations (but not control PD patients) showed higher numerosity estimation. Numerosity estimation enables quantitative monitoring of hallucinations, is an easy-to-use unobtrusive online method, reaching people far away from medical centers, translating neuroscientific findings using robotics and VR, to patients\u2019 homes without specific equipment or trained staff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45912-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T11:04:38Z","timestamp":1710241478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Numerosity estimation of virtual humans as a digital-robotic marker for hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jevita","family":"Potheegadoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Herbelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fosco","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Blanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"45912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","volume":"386","author":"LV Kalia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalia, L. V. & Lang, A. E. Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 386, 896\u2013912 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"45912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.152","volume":"12","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. & Berg, D. Advances in markers of prodromal Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12, 622\u2013634 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"45912_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ffytche, D. H. & Aarsland, D. Chapter Nineteen - Psychosis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. in International Review of Neurobiology (eds. Chaudhuri, K. R. & Titova, N.) 133 585\u2013622 (Academic Press, 2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.005"},{"key":"45912_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.62","volume":"5","author":"NJ Diederich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diederich, N. J., F\u00e9nelon, G., Stebbins, G. & Goetz, C. G. Hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 5, 331\u2013342 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"45912_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733","volume":"123","author":"G F\u00e9nelon","year":"2000","unstructured":"F\u00e9nelon, G., Mahieux, F., Huon, R. & Zi\u00e9gler, M. Hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain 123, 733\u2013745 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"45912_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30127-3","volume":"17","author":"J Marinus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marinus, J., Zhu, K., Marras, C., Aarsland, D. & van Hilten, J. J. Risk factors for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 17, 559\u2013568 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45912_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12233","volume":"2","author":"H Kataoka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kataoka, H. & Ueno, S. Predictable risk factors for the feeling of presence in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 2, 407\u2013412 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"45912_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00080-6","volume":"1","author":"F Bernasconi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernasconi, F. et al. Theta oscillations and minor hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease reveal decrease in frontal lobe functions and later cognitive decline. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 477\u2013488 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Ment. Health"},{"key":"45912_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007913","volume":"93","author":"A Lenka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lenka, A., Pagonabarraga, J., Pal, P. K., Bejr-Kasem, H. & Kulisvesky, J. Minor hallucinations in Parkinson disease: A subtle symptom with major clinical implications. Neurology 93, 259\u2013266 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45912_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f61311","volume":"75","author":"EB Forsaa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forsaa, E. B., Larsen, J. P., Wentzel-Larsen, T. & Alves, G. What predicts mortality in Parkinson disease?: A prospective population-based long-term study. Neurology 75, 1270\u20131276 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45912_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322702","volume":"91","author":"J O\u2019Brien","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J. et al. Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: pathophysiology and management. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91, 512\u2013519 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"45912_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27781","volume":"34","author":"M Onofrj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Onofrj, M., Espay, A. J., Bonanni, L., Delli Pizzi, S. & Sensi, S. L. Hallucinations, somatic-functional disorders of PD-DLB as expressions of thalamic dysfunction. Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc. 34, 1100\u20131111 (2019).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"45912_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21382","volume":"22","author":"B Ravina","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ravina, B. et al. Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Report of an NINDS, NIMH work group. Mov. Disord. 22, 1061\u20131068 (2007).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"45912_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.387","volume":"60","author":"D Aarsland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aarsland, D., Andersen, K., Larsen, J. P. & Lolk, A. Prevalence and characteristics of Dementia in Parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Arch. Neurol. 60, 387\u2013392 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"45912_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000842","volume":"83","author":"JBM Anang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anang, J. B. M. et al. Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: A prospective cohort study. Neurology 83, 1253\u20131260 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45912_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000242630.52203.8f","volume":"67","author":"JE Galvin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galvin, J. E., Pollack, J. & Morris, J. C. Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology 67, 1605\u20131611 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45912_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bf992f","volume":"73","author":"EY Uc","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uc, E. Y. et al. Incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in an early Parkinson disease clinical trial cohort. Neurology 73, 1469\u20131477 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45912_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26432","volume":"31","author":"J Pagonabarraga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagonabarraga, J. et al. Minor hallucinations occur in drug-naive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients, even from the premotor phase. Mov. Disord. 31, 45\u201352 (2016).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"45912_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.11.017","volume":"20","author":"J Pagonabarraga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pagonabarraga, J. et al. Neural correlates of minor hallucinations in non-demented patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 20, 290\u2013296 (2014).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"45912_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27557","volume":"34","author":"H Bejr-kasem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bejr-kasem, H. et al. Disruption of the default mode network and its intrinsic functional connectivity underlies minor hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 34, 78\u201386 (2019).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"45912_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14576","volume":"28","author":"H Bejr-kasem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bejr-kasem, H. et al. Minor hallucinations reflect early gray matter loss and predict subjective cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 28, 438\u2013447 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"45912_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8362","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc8362","volume":"13","author":"F Bernasconi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bernasconi, F. et al. Robot-induced hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease depend on altered sensorimotor processing in fronto-temporal network. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabc8362 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200233","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0233","volume":"376","author":"S Rogers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogers, S., Keogh, R. & Pearson, J. Hallucinations on demand: the utility of experimentally induced phenomena in hallucination research. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 376, 20200233 (2021).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00737-z","volume":"17","author":"F Bernasconi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernasconi, F. et al. Neuroscience robotics for controlled induction and real-time assessment of hallucinations. Nat. Protoc. 17, 2966\u20132989 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"45912_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.3.231","volume":"84","author":"RE Nisbett","year":"1977","unstructured":"Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol. Rev. 84, 231\u2013259 (1977).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"45912_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.234799","volume":"82","author":"G F\u00e9nelon","year":"2011","unstructured":"F\u00e9nelon, G., Soulas, T., De Langavant, L. C., Trinkler, I. & Bachoud-L\u00e9vi, A.-C. Feeling of presence in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82, 1219\u20131224 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"45912_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/443287a","volume":"443","author":"S Arzy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arzy, S., Seeck, M., Ortigue, S., Spinelli, L. & Blanke, O. Induction of an illusory shadow person. Nature 443, 287\u2013287 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"45912_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.09.049","volume":"24","author":"O Blanke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blanke, O. et al. Neurological and robot-controlled induction of an apparition. Curr. Biol. 24, 2681\u20132686 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"45912_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00002-0","volume":"7","author":"DM Wegner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wegner, D. M. The mind\u2019s best trick: how we experience conscious will. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 65\u201369 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR30","unstructured":"APA Dictionary of Psychology. xvi, 1024 (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, 2007)."},{"key":"45912_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.11.003","volume":"18","author":"B Lenggenhager","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lenggenhager, B., Mouthon, M. & Blanke, O. Spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. Conscious. Cogn. 18, 110\u2013117 (2009).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"45912_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63643-y","volume":"10","author":"E Nakul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakul, E., Orlando-Dessaints, N., Lenggenhager, B. & Lopez, C. Measuring perceived self-location in virtual reality. Sci. Rep. 10, 6802 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45912_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.116.2.172","volume":"116","author":"LM Parsons","year":"1987","unstructured":"Parsons, L. M. Imagined spatial transformation of one\u2019s body. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 116, 172\u2013191 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"45912_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","volume":"171","author":"RN Shepard","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shepard, R. N. & Metzler, J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171, 701\u2013703 (1971).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"45912_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.12.002","volume":"21","author":"JW Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore, J. W. & Obhi, S. S. Intentional binding and the sense of agency: A review. Conscious. Cogn. 21, 546\u2013561 (2012).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"45912_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nn827","volume":"5","author":"P Haggard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haggard, P., Clark, S. & Kalogeras, J. Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 382\u2013385 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141791","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1791","volume":"281","author":"R Arrighi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arrighi, R., Togoli, I. & Burr, D. C. A generalized sense of number. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20141791 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402785111","volume":"111","author":"GM Cicchini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cicchini, G. M., Anobile, G. & Burr, D. C. Compressive mapping of number to space reflects dynamic encoding mechanisms, not static logarithmic transform. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 111, 7867\u20137872 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104250","volume":"200","author":"M Fornaciai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fornaciai, M. & Park, J. Attractive serial dependence between memorized stimuli. Cognition 200, 104250 (2020).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"45912_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/003281a0","volume":"3","author":"WS Jevons","year":"1871","unstructured":"Jevons, W. S. The power of numerical discrimination. Nature 3, 281\u2013282 (1871).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"45912_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2307\/1418556","volume":"62","author":"EL Kaufman","year":"1949","unstructured":"Kaufman, E. L., Lord, M. W., Reese, T. W. & Volkmann, J. The discrimination of visual number. Am. J. Psychol. 62, 498\u2013525 (1949).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"45912_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.4.777","volume":"86","author":"EC Poulton","year":"1979","unstructured":"Poulton, E. C. Models for biases in judging sensory magnitude. Psychol. Bull. 86, 777\u2013803 (1979).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"45912_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1951.9712804","volume":"31","author":"AL Minturn","year":"1951","unstructured":"Minturn, A. L. & Reese, T. W. The effect of differential reinforcement on the discrimination of visual number. J. Psychol. 31, 201\u2013231 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"45912_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205949","volume":"35","author":"LE Krueger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Krueger, L. E. Perceived numerosity: A comparison of magnitude production, magnitude estimation, and discrimination judgments. Percept. Psychophys. 35, 536\u2013542 (1984).","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"45912_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09709-5","volume":"12","author":"G Anobile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anobile, G. et al. Unimpaired groupitizing in children and adolescents with dyscalculia. Sci. Rep. 12, 5629 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45912_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2010.535994","volume":"19","author":"K O\u2019Hearn","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Hearn, K., Hoffman, J. E. & Landau, B. Small subitizing range in people with Williams syndrome. Vis. Cogn. 19, 289\u2013312 (2011).","journal-title":"Vis. Cogn."},{"key":"45912_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68111-1","volume":"10","author":"G Anobile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anobile, G., Castaldi, E., Moscoso, P. A. M., Burr, D. C. & Arrighi, R. \u201cGroupitizing\u201d: a strategy for numerosity estimation. Sci. Rep. 10, 13436 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45912_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.v4i2.74","volume":"4","author":"T Leibovich-Raveh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leibovich-Raveh, T., Lewis, D. J., Kadhim, S. A.-R. & Ansari, D. A new method for calculating individual subitizing ranges. J. Numer. Cogn. 4, 429\u2013447 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Numer. Cogn."},{"key":"45912_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albert, L. P., Bernasconi, F., Bruno, H. & Blanke, O. Combining sensorimotor robotics and immersive virtual reality to investigate robot-induced presence hallucinations. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/YR3CP (2021).","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/YR3CP"},{"key":"45912_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.03.014","volume":"231","author":"P Orepic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orepic, P., Rognini, G., Kannape, O. A., Faivre, N. & Blanke, O. Sensorimotor conflicts induce somatic passivity and louden quiet voices in healthy listeners. Schizophr. Res. 231, 170\u2013177 (2021).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"45912_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101955","volume":"24","author":"A Serino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serino, A. et al. Thought consciousness and source monitoring depend on robotically controlled sensorimotor conflicts and illusory states. iScience 24, 101955 (2021).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"45912_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz136","volume":"46","author":"R Salomon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salomon, R. et al. Sensorimotor induction of auditory misattribution in early psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 46, 947\u2013954 (2020).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"45912_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0214-5","volume":"16","author":"I Hillel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hillel, I. et al. Is every-day walking in older adults more analogous to dual-task walking or to usual walking? Elucidating the gaps between gait performance in the lab and during 24\/7 monitoring. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 16, 6 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"45912_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1357-9","volume":"54","author":"MAD Brodie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brodie, M. A. D. et al. Wearable pendant device monitoring using new wavelet-based methods shows daily life and laboratory gaits are different. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 54, 663\u2013674 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"45912_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00554-w","volume":"5","author":"M Burq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burq, M. et al. Virtual exam for Parkinson\u2019s disease enables frequent and reliable remote measurements of motor function. Npj Digit. Med. 5, 1\u20139 (2022).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0074-8","volume":"5","author":"M Heijmans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heijmans, M. et al. Monitoring Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms during daily life: a feasibility study. Npj Park. Dis. 5, 1\u20136 (2019).","journal-title":"Npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"45912_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27311","volume":"33","author":"RS Weil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weil, R. S. et al. Assessing cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: An online tool to detect visuo-perceptual deficits. Mov. Disord. 33, 544\u2013553 (2018).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"45912_CR58","first-page":"293","volume":"175","author":"MD Galsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galsky, M. D. et al. Geographic accessibility to clinical trials for advanced cancer in the United States. JAMA. Intern. Med. 175, 293\u2013295 (2015).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00767-1","volume":"6","author":"L Masanneck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masanneck, L., Gieseler, P., Gordon, W. J., Meuth, S. G. & Stern, A. D. Evidence from ClinicalTrials.gov on the growth of Digital Health Technologies in neurology trials. Npj Digit. Med. 6, 1\u20135 (2023).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0123-z","volume":"2","author":"C Stroud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stroud, C., Onnela, J.-P. & Manji, H. Harnessing digital technology to predict, diagnose, monitor, and develop treatments for brain disorders. Npj Digit. Med. 2, 1\u20134 (2019).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0217-7","volume":"3","author":"N Mahadevan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahadevan, N. et al. Development of digital biomarkers for resting tremor and bradykinesia using a wrist-worn wearable device. Npj Digit. Med. 3, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"Npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39695-0","volume":"9","author":"N Takayanagi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takayanagi, N. et al. Relationship between Daily and In-laboratory Gait Speed among Healthy Community-dwelling Older Adults. Sci. Rep. 9, 3496 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45912_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orepic, P., Bernasconi, F., Faggella, M., Faivre, N. & Blanke, O. Robotically-induced auditory-verbal hallucinations: combining self-monitoring and strong perceptual priors. Psychol. Med. 1\u201313 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723002222 (2023).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723002222"},{"key":"45912_CR64","unstructured":"Brugger, P., Regard, M. & Landis, T. Unilaterally Felt \u2018Presences\u2019: The Neuropsychiatry of One\u2019s Invisible Doppelganger. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 9, 114\u2013122 (1996)."},{"key":"45912_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionta, S., Gassert, R. & Blanke, O. Multi-sensory and sensorimotor foundation of bodily self-consciousness \u2013 an interdisciplinary approach. Front. Psychol. 2, 383 (2011).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00383"},{"key":"45912_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10564","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0800-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"HH Ehrsson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehrsson, H. H., Holmes, N. P. & Passingham, R. E. Touching a rubber hand: feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory brain areas. J. Neurosci. 25, 10564\u201310573 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.022","volume":"21","author":"VI Petkova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petkova, V. I. et al. From part- to whole-body ownership in the multisensory brain. Curr. Biol. 21, 1118\u20131122 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"45912_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.08.013","volume":"22","author":"A Serino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Serino, A. et al. Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness. Conscious. Cogn. 22, 1239\u20131252 (2013).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"45912_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1782","volume":"290","author":"MSA Graziano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graziano, M. S. A., Cooke, D. F. & Taylor, C. S. R. Coding the location of the arm by sight. Science 290, 1782\u20131786 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"45912_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199610020-00010","volume":"7","author":"A Lriki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lriki, A., Tanaka, M. & Iwamura, Y. Coding of modified body schema during tool use by macaque postcentral neurones. NeuroReport 7, 2325 (1996).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"45912_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10418","volume":"96","author":"MSA Graziano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graziano, M. S. A. Where is my arm? The relative role of vision and proprioception in the neuronal representation of limb position. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 96, 10418\u201310421 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3292","volume":"13","author":"O Blanke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blanke, O. Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 556\u2013571 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.029","volume":"88","author":"O Blanke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blanke, O., Slater, M. & Serino, A. Behavioral, neural, and computational principles of bodily self-consciousness. Neuron 88, 145\u2013166 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"45912_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3653-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"TR Makin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Makin, T. R., Holmes, N. P. & Zohary, E. Is that near my hand? Multisensory representation of peripersonal space in human intraparietal sulcus. J. Neurosci. 27, 731\u2013740 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1172-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"C Brozzoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brozzoli, C., Gentile, G., Petkova, V. I. & Ehrsson, H. H. fMRI adaptation reveals a cortical mechanism for the coding of space near the hand. J. Neurosci. 31, 9023\u20139031 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.014","volume":"44","author":"M Piazza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piazza, M., Izard, V., Pinel, P., Le Bihan, D. & Dehaene, S. Tuning curves for approximate numerosity in the human intraparietal sulcus. Neuron 44, 547\u2013555 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"45912_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239052","volume":"341","author":"BM Harvey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harvey, B. M., Klein, B. P., Petridou, N. & Dumoulin, S. O. Topographic representation of numerosity in the human parietal cortex. Science 341, 1123\u20131126 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"45912_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.40","volume":"17","author":"A Nieder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nieder, A. The neuronal code for number. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 366\u2013382 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"45912_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138","volume":"25","author":"JL Maples-Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S.-J. & Rothbaum, B. O. The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 25, 103\u2013113 (2017).","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"45912_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020221","volume":"11","author":"DD Georgiev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Georgiev, D. D. et al. Virtual reality for neurorehabilitation and cognitive enhancement. Brain Sci. 11, 221 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11973","DOI":"10.2196\/11973","volume":"6","author":"B Birckhead","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birckhead, B. et al. Recommendations for Methodology of Virtual Reality Clinical Trials in Health Care by an International Working Group: Iterative Study. JMIR Ment. Health 6, e11973 (2019).","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"45912_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121692","volume":"12","author":"H-J Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon, H.-J. & Han, S. Perspective: Present and future of virtual reality for neurological disorders. Brain Sci. 12, 1692 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"45912_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","volume":"47","author":"D Freeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freeman, D. et al. Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychol. Med. 47, 2393\u20132400 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR84","first-page":"3434","volume":"9","author":"G Riva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riva, G. & Serino, S. Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding and treatment. Ment. Health Disord. J. Clin. Med. 9, 3434 (2020).","journal-title":"Ment. Health Disord. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"45912_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0185-4","volume":"16","author":"B Horing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horing, B., Newsome, N. D., Enck, P., Babu, S. V. & Muth, E. R. A virtual experimenter to increase standardization for the investigation of placebo effects. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 16, 84 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"45912_CR86","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R. Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research, Enlarged Ed. xiii, 500 (Irvington, Oxford, England, 1976)."},{"key":"45912_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029081","volume":"7","author":"S Doyen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C.-L. & Cleeremans, A. Behavioral priming: it\u2019s all in the mind, but whose mind? PLOS ONE 7, e29081 (2012).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"45912_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, M. et al. A Separate reality: an update on place illusion and plausibility in virtual reality. Front. Virtual Real. 3, 914392 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.914392"},{"key":"45912_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97\u2013113 (1971).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"45912_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gauthier, B., Albert, L., Martuzzi, R., Herbelin, B. & Blanke, O. Virtual Reality platform for functional magnetic resonance imaging in ecologically valid conditions. in Proceedings of the 27th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology 1\u201312 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3489849.3489894.","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489894"},{"key":"45912_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hara, M. et al. A novel approach to the manipulation of body-parts ownership using a bilateral master-slave system. in 2011 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 4664\u20134669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS.2011.6094879 (2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6094879"},{"key":"45912_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Llorach, G., Evans, A., Blat, J., Grimm, G. & Hohmann, V. Web-Based Live Speech-Driven Lip-Sync. In 2016 8th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES) 1\u20134 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VS-GAMES.2016.7590381.","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-GAMES.2016.7590381"},{"key":"45912_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.77625","volume":"19","author":"S Chaudhury","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudhury, S. Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management. Ind. Psychiatry J. 19, 5\u201312 (2010).","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"45912_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140050","volume":"72","author":"MA Lana-Peixoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lana-Peixoto, M. A. Complex visual hallucinations in mentally healthy people. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 72, 331\u2013332 (2014).","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"45912_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.727","volume":"70","author":"J Barnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnes, J. & David, A. S. Visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review and phenomenological survey. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70, 727\u2013733 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"45912_CR96","unstructured":"Morris, C. G., Press, A. & Morris, C. W. Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. (Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992)."},{"key":"45912_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90049-2","volume":"14","author":"SM Anstis","year":"1974","unstructured":"Anstis, S. M. A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position. Vis. Res. 14, 589\u2013592 (1974).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"45912_CR98","unstructured":"Christensen, R. H. B. ordinal: Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2023.12-4 (2023)."},{"key":"45912_CR99","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9, M. RVAideMemoire: Testing and Plotting Procedures for Biostatistics. R package version 0.9-83-7 (2023)."},{"key":"45912_CR100","unstructured":"Team, R. C. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2022)."},{"key":"45912_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"45912_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B.lmerTest Package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"45912_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tingley, D. et al. mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 59, 1\u201338 (2014).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05"},{"key":"45912_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/10.4.433","volume":"10","author":"JE Birren","year":"1955","unstructured":"Birren, J. E. & Botwinick, J. Speed of response as a function of perceptual difficulty and age. J. Gerontol. 10, 433\u2013436 (1955).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"45912_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y","volume":"47","author":"JR de Leeuw","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Leeuw, J. R. jsPsych: A JavaScript library for creating behavioral experiments in a Web browser. Behav. Res. Methods 47, 1\u201312 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"45912_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00157-6","volume":"3","author":"D Nyholm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nyholm, D. & Jost, W. H. An updated calculator for determining levodopa-equivalent dose. Neurol. Res. Pract. 3, 58 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"45912_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12921","volume":"7","author":"S Schade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schade, S., Mollenhauer, B. & Trenkwalder, C. Levodopa equivalent dose conversion factors: an updated proposal including Opicapone and Safinamide. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 7, 343\u2013345 (2020).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"45912_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","volume":"25","author":"CL Tomlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomlinson, C. L. et al. Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 25, 2649\u20132653 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-45912-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-45912-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-45912-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T11:05:00Z","timestamp":1710241500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-45912-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-45912-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A patent application has been submitted (application number EP23154061.8 \u2013 Numerosity estimation impairment measurement system), describing a solution for measuring and quantifying an impairment in numerosity estimation in human subjects, based on the methods described in this manuscript, with Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) as patent applicant, and L.A., O.B., F.B., B.H., and J.P. as inventors. O.B. is inventor on patent US 10,286,555 B2 held by the Swiss Federal Institute (EPFL) that covers the robot-controlled induction of presence hallucination. O.B. is inventor on patent US 10,349,899 B2 held by the Swiss Federal Institute (EPFL) that covers a robotic system for the prediction of hallucinations for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. O.B. is co-founder and shareholder of Metaphysiks Engineering SA, a company that develops immersive technologies, including applications of the robotic induction of presence hallucinations that are not related to the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. O.B. is a member of the board and shareholder of Mindmaze SA. The authors declare no other competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1905"}}