{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:47:05Z","timestamp":1792198025107,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-018944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-018944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226137\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226137\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI138546-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI138546-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 clearance requires adaptive immunity but the contribution of neutralizing antibodies and T cells in different immune states is unclear. Here we ask which adaptive immune responses associate with clearance of long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-mediated immunosuppression after suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. We assembled a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected people in South Africa (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009994) including participants with advanced HIV disease characterized by immunosuppression due to T cell depletion. Fifty-four percent of participants with advanced HIV disease had prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection (&gt;1 month). In the five vaccinated participants with advanced HIV disease tested, SARS-CoV-2 clearance associates with emergence of neutralizing antibodies but not SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8 T cells, while CD4 T cell responses were not determined due to low cell numbers. Further, complete HIV suppression is not required for clearance, although it is necessary for an effective vaccine response. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection led to SARS-CoV-2 evolution, including virus with extensive neutralization escape in a Delta variant infected participant. The results provide evidence that neutralizing antibodies are required for SARS-CoV-2 clearance in HIV-mediated immunosuppression recovery, and that suppressive ART is necessary to curtail evolution of co-infecting pathogens to reduce individual health consequences as well as public health risk linked with generation of escape mutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46673-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T16:01:51Z","timestamp":1710518511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Clearance of persistent SARS-CoV-2 associates with increased neutralizing antibodies in advanced HIV disease post-ART initiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Farina","family":"Karim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Riou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallory","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zesuliwe","family":"Jule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gila","family":"Lustig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Strauss","family":"van Graan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roanne S.","family":"Keeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine-Lee","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashica","family":"Ganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadija","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajal","family":"Reedoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Mazibuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kershnee","family":"Thambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nokuthula","family":"Ngcobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zanele","family":"Makhado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3070-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"Hanekom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monjurul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quarraisha Abdool","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim S.","family":"Abdool Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithendra","family":"Manickchund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nombulelo","family":"Magula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadett I.","family":"Gosnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0926-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Lessells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penny L.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy A.","family":"Burgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tulio","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahomed-Yunus S.","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Sigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"46673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04352-y","volume":"602","author":"LG Thorne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thorne, L. G. et al. Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 602, 487\u2013495 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01091-0","volume":"23","author":"MS Diamond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diamond, M. S. & Kanneganti, T. D. Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Immunol. 23, 165\u2013176 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","volume":"184","author":"A Sette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sette, A. & Crotty, S. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 184, 861\u2013880 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.005","volume":"30","author":"S Cele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cele, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection during advanced HIV disease evolves extensive immune escape. Cell Host Microbe 30, 154\u2013162.e155 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"46673_CR5","unstructured":"Karim, F. et al. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and intra-host evolution in association with advanced HIV infection. Preprint at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258228v1 (2021)."},{"key":"46673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac409","volume":"75","author":"AC Riddell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riddell, A. C. et al. Generation of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants on the B.1.1.7 lineage in 3 patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus-1 disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 2016\u20132018 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03291-y","volume":"592","author":"SA Kemp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kemp, S. A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature 592, 277\u2013282 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peacock, T. P., Penrice-Randal, R., Hiscox, J. A. & Barclay, W. S. SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation. J. Gen. Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001584 (2021).","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001584"},{"key":"46673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100164","volume":"8","author":"B Jensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jensen, B. et al. Emergence of the E484K mutation in SARS-COV-2-infected immunocompromised patients treated with bamlanivimab in Germany. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 8, 100164 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"46673_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa666","volume":"223","author":"JH Baang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baang, J. H. et al. Prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in an immunocompromised patient. J. Infect. Dis. 223, 23\u201327 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031364","volume":"383","author":"B Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, B. et al. Persistence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised host. New Engl. J. Med. 383, 2291\u20132293 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.049","volume":"183","author":"VA Avanzato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avanzato, V. A. et al. Case study: prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised individual with cancer. Cell 183, 1901\u20131912.e1909 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46673_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac050","volume":"8","author":"SAJ Wilkinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilkinson, S. A. J. et al. Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 mutations in immunodeficient patients. Virus Evol. 8, veac050 (2022).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"46673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac548","volume":"76","author":"TG Maponga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maponga, T. G. et al. Persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection with accumulation of mutations in a patient with poorly controlled human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, e522\u2013e525 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.211461","volume":"27","author":"SA Hoffman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffman, S. A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization resistance mutations in patient with HIV\/AIDS, California, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 2720\u20132723 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2104756","volume":"385","author":"L Corey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corey, L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants in patients with immunosuppression. New Engl. J. Med. 385, 562\u2013566 (2021).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10","volume":"17","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plotkin, S. A. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 17, 1055\u20131065 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccin. Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","volume":"27","author":"DS Khoury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoury, D. S. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 27, 1205\u20131211 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","volume":"383","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, L. A. et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2\u2014preliminary report. New Engl. J. Med. 383, 1920\u20131931 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026920","volume":"383","author":"C Keech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keech, C. et al. Phase 1-2 trial of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 383, 2320\u20132332 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027906","volume":"383","author":"EE Walsh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walsh, E. E. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. New Engl. J. Med. 383, 2439\u20132450 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31866-3","volume":"396","author":"DY Logunov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Logunov, D. Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1\/2 studies from Russia. Lancet 396, 887\u2013897 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"46673_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","volume":"396","author":"PM Folegatti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Folegatti, P. M. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 396, 467\u2013478 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"46673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034201","volume":"384","author":"J Sadoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadoff, J. et al. Interim results of a phase 1-2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 384, 1824\u20131835 (2021).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30843-4","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, 181\u2013192 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30942-7","volume":"21","author":"R Ella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ella, R. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, 637\u2013646 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21444-5","volume":"12","author":"AK Wheatley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wheatley, A. K. et al. Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19. Nat. Commun. 12, 1162 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","volume":"384","author":"LR Baden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baden, L. R. et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 384, 403\u2013416 (2021).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polack, F. P. et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New Engl. J. Med. 383, 2603\u20132615 (2020).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","volume":"397","author":"DY Logunov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Logunov, D. Y. et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet 397, 671\u2013681 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"46673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","volume":"397","author":"M Voysey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Voysey, M. et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet 397, 99\u2013111 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"46673_CR32","first-page":"162","volume":"21","author":"AM Carabelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carabelli, A. M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 162\u2013177 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"46673_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-061120","volume":"41","author":"A Sette","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sette, A., Sidney, J. & Crotty, S. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 41, 343\u2013373 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesamari, R. et al. Post-pandemic memory T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is durable, broadly targeted, and cross-reactive to the hypermutated BA.2.86 variant. Cell Host Microbe 32, 162\u2013169.e3 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.12.003"},{"key":"46673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.015","volume":"185","author":"A Tarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarke, A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from Alpha to Omicron. Cell 185, 847\u2013859.e811 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3","volume":"603","author":"R Keeton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keeton, R. et al. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize Omicron. Nature 603, 488\u2013492 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00678-4","volume":"22","author":"A Sigal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sigal, A. Milder disease with Omicron: is it the virus or the pre-existing immunity? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 69\u201371 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16896","volume":"190","author":"PR Tepasse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tepasse, P. R. et al. Persisting SARS-CoV-2 viraemia after rituximab therapy: two cases with fatal outcome and a review of the literature. Br. J. Haematol. 190, 185\u2013188 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"46673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01067-1","volume":"11","author":"CS Thornton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thornton, C. S. et al. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection following rituximab treatment: clinical course and response to therapeutic interventions correlated with quantitative viral cultures and cycle threshold values. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control 11, 28 (2022).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"46673_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220604","volume":"80","author":"R Spiera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spiera, R., Jinich, S. & Jannat-Khah, D. Rituximab, but not other antirheumatic therapies, is associated with impaired serological response to SARS- CoV-2 vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1357\u20131359 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220408","volume":"80","author":"MM Bonelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonelli, M. M., Mrak, D., Perkmann, T., Haslacher, H. & Aletaha, D. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: evidence for impaired humoral but inducible cellular immune response. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1355\u20131356 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance and evolution varies by type and severity of immunodeficiency. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadk1599 (2024).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk1599"},{"key":"46673_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01507-2","volume":"27","author":"SA Apostolidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Apostolidis, S. A. et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy. Nat. Med. 27, 1990\u20132001 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.03.018","volume":"30","author":"KE Kistler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kistler, K. E., Huddleston, J. & Bedford, T. Rapid and parallel adaptive mutations in spike S1 drive clade success in SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 30, 545\u2013555 e544 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"46673_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lustig, G. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppression evolves sub-lineages which independently accumulate neutralization escape mutations. Virus Evol. 10, vead075 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead075"},{"key":"46673_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.06.001","volume":"26","author":"JR Tanner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanner, J. R. & Kingsley, R. A. Evolution of salmonella within hosts. Trends Microbiol. 26, 986\u2013998 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"46673_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.02.007","volume":"26","author":"KS Xue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xue, K. S., Moncla, L. H., Bedford, T. & Bloom, J. D. Within-host evolution of human influenza virus. Trends Microbiol. 26, 781\u2013793 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"46673_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00480-21","volume":"6","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 antibody escape variants in an immunocompromised host undergoing convalescent plasma treatment. mSphere 6, e0048021 (2021).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"46673_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102871","volume":"59","author":"A Karatas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karatas, A. et al. Prolonged viral shedding in a lymphoma patient with COVID-19 infection receiving convalescent plasma. Transfus. Apher. Sci. 59, 102871 (2020).","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"46673_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.4.1099","volume":"176","author":"NK Banda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Banda, N. K. et al. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1099\u20131106 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/375497a0","volume":"375","author":"MO Westendorp","year":"1995","unstructured":"Westendorp, M. O. et al. Sensitization of T cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by HIV-1 Tat and gp120. Nature 375, 497\u2013500 (1995).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07030.x","volume":"14","author":"MO Westendorp","year":"1995","unstructured":"Westendorp, M. O. et al. HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 14, 546\u2013554 (1995).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"46673_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12274","volume":"498","author":"A Cooper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cooper, A. et al. HIV-1 causes CD4 cell death through DNA-dependent protein kinase during viral integration. Nature 498, 376\u2013379 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.04.002","volume":"33","author":"M Zeng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zeng, M., Haase, A. T. & Schacker, T. W. Lymphoid tissue structure and HIV-1 infection: life or death for T cells. Trends Immunol. 33, 306\u2013314 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243640","volume":"343","author":"KM Monroe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monroe, K. M. et al. IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV. Science 343, 428\u2013432 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"46673_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.11.001","volume":"143","author":"G Doitsh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Doitsh, G. et al. Abortive HIV infection mediates CD4 T cell depletion and inflammation in human lymphoid tissue. Cell 143, 789\u2013801 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46673_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12940","volume":"505","author":"G Doitsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doitsh, G. et al. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature 505, 509\u2013514 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.011","volume":"12","author":"NL Galloway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galloway, N. L. et al. Cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is required to trigger pyroptotic death of lymphoid-tissue-derived CD4 T cells. Cell Rep. 12, 1555\u20131563 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"46673_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.2.180","volume":"8","author":"KA Sepkowitz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sepkowitz, K. A., Raffalli, J., Riley, L., Kiehn, T. E. & Armstrong, D. Tuberculosis in the AIDS era. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 180\u2013199 (1995).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"46673_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.128","volume":"16","author":"LCK Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell, L. C. K. & Noursadeghi, M. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 16, 80\u201390 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"46673_CR61","unstructured":"UNAIDS. HIV and AIDS Estimates South Africa 2021 (UNAIDS, 2021)."},{"key":"46673_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy045","volume":"66","author":"S Carmona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carmona, S. et al. Persistent high burden of advanced HIV disease among patients seeking care in South Africa\u2019s National HIV Program: data from a Nationwide Laboratory Cohort. Clin. Infect. Dis. 66, S111\u2013S117 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679472","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1679472","volume":"12","author":"ML Chihana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chihana, M. L. et al. Distribution of advanced HIV disease from three high HIV prevalence settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: a secondary analysis data from three population-based cross-sectional surveys in Eshowe (South Africa), Ndhiwa (Kenya) and Chiradzulu (Malawi). Glob. Health Action 12, 1679472 (2019).","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"46673_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e552","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac238","volume":"75","author":"A Antinori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antinori, A. et al. Humoral and cellular immune response elicited by mRNA vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus receiving antiretroviral therapy based on current CD4 T-lymphocyte count. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, e552\u2013e563 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00072-2","volume":"8","author":"MA Spinelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spinelli, M. A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study. Lancet HIV 8, e334\u2013e341 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"46673_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32263-7","volume":"13","author":"A Vergori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vergori, A. et al. Immunogenicity to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine third dose in people living with HIV. Nat. Commun. 13, 4922 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46673_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14411","volume":"25","author":"E Vanaskova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vanaskova, E., Kelbich, P. & Novotny, T. Reactive synovitis of the knee joint after COVID-19 vaccination: the first ultrastructural analysis of synovial fluid. Int J. Rheum. Dis. 25, 1324\u20131327 (2022).","journal-title":"Int J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244479","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244479","volume":"14","author":"K Parperis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parperis, K. & Constantinou, M. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting oedema following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. 14, e244479 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"46673_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.003","volume":"29","author":"AJ Greaney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greaney, A. J. et al. Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 29, 463\u2013476.e466 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"46673_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24435-8","volume":"12","author":"AJ Greaney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greaney, A. J. et al. Mapping mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD that escape binding by different classes of antibodies. Nat. Commun. 12, 4196 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46673_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2852-1","volume":"588","author":"CO Barnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes, C. O. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies. Nature 588, 682\u2013687 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2008775","volume":"11","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Reduced sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant to monoclonal antibodies and neutralizing antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 11, 18\u201329 (2022).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"46673_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.07.008","volume":"54","author":"F Muecksch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muecksch, F. et al. Affinity maturation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies confers potency, breadth, and resilience to viral escape mutations. Immunity 54, 1853\u20131868.e1857 (2021).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"46673_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05053-w","volume":"608","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Antibody evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5. Nature 608, 603\u2013608 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf9302","volume":"371","author":"TN Starr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Starr, T. N. et al. Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19. Science 371, 850\u2013854 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"46673_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103944","volume":"78","author":"T Tada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tada, T. et al. Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant to neutralization by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic antibodies. EBioMedicine 78, 103944 (2022).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"46673_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1086\/383034","volume":"38","author":"KH Mayer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mayer, K. H., Hirsch, H. H., Kaufmann, G., Sendi, P. & Battegay, M. Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 1159\u20131166 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46673_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3689","volume":"173","author":"J Del Amo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Amo, J. et al. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 in HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviral therapy: a cohort study. Ann. Intern. Med. 173, 536\u2013541 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003314","volume":"36","author":"G Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes in men with HIV. AIDS 36, 1689\u20131696 (2022).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"46673_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100993","volume":"38","author":"JJ Parienti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parienti, J. J. et al. Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine on nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load burden amongst outpatients with COVID-19: a pilot, randomized, open-label phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 38, 100993 (2021).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"46673_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13037","volume":"22","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffmann, C. et al. Immune deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 in people living with HIV. HIV Med. 22, 372\u2013378 (2021).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"46673_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003577","volume":"37","author":"ML Verburgh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verburgh, M. L., van der Valk, M., Rijnders, B. J. A., Reiss, P. & Wit, F. No association between use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, etravirine, or integrase-strand transfer inhibitors and acquisition or severe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with HIV in the Netherlands. AIDS 37, 1481\u20131486 (2023).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"46673_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119658","volume":"386","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madhi, S. A. et al. Population immunity and Covid-19 severity with omicron variant in South Africa. New Engl. J. Med. 386, 1314\u20131326 (2022).","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"46673_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00384-6","volume":"4","author":"AZ Mykytyn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mykytyn, A. Z. et al. Antigenic mapping of emerging SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BM.1.1.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. Lancet Microbe 4, e294\u2013e295 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"46673_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097211","volume":"305","author":"DJ Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, D. J. et al. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science 305, 371\u2013376 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"46673_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35312-3","volume":"13","author":"A Rossler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossler, A. et al. BA.2 and BA.5 omicron differ immunologically from both BA.1 omicron and pre-omicron variants. Nat. Commun. 13, 7701 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46673_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04830-x","volume":"607","author":"K Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, K. et al. Omicron infection enhances Delta antibody immunity in vaccinated persons. Nature 607, 356\u2013359 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1","volume":"602","author":"S Cele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cele, S. et al. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature 602, 654\u2013656 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3803","volume":"15","author":"S Crotty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crotty, S. A brief history of T cell help to B cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 185\u2013189 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"46673_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03471-w","volume":"593","author":"S Cele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cele, S. et al. Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent plasma. Nature 593, 142\u2013146 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"46673_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30134","volume":"7","author":"L Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson, L. et al. Incomplete inhibition of HIV infection results in more HIV infected lymph node cells by reducing cell death. eLife 7, e30134 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46673-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46673-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46673-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T17:07:16Z","timestamp":1710522436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46673-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46673-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2360"}}