{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:21:38Z","timestamp":1790299298850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI145918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI145918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI145918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI145918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosquito-borne dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses originated in Old World sylvatic (forest) cycles involving monkeys and canopy-living <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes. Both viruses spilled over into human transmission and were translocated to the Americas, opening a path for spillback into Neotropical sylvatic cycles. Studies of the trade-offs that shape within-host dynamics and transmission of these viruses are lacking, hampering efforts to predict spillover and spillback. We infected a native, Asian host species (cynomolgus macaque) and a novel, American host species (squirrel monkey) with sylvatic strains of DENV-2 or ZIKV via mosquito bite. We then monitored aspects of viral replication (viremia), innate and adaptive immune response (natural killer (NK) cells and neutralizing antibodies, respectively), and transmission to mosquitoes. In both hosts, ZIKV reached high titers that translated into high transmission to mosquitoes; in contrast DENV-2 replicated to low levels and, unexpectedly, transmission occurred only when serum viremia was below or near the limit of detection. Our data reveal evidence of an immunologically-mediated trade-off between duration and magnitude of virus replication, as higher peak ZIKV titers are associated with shorter durations of viremia, and higher NK cell levels are associated with lower peak ZIKV titers and lower anti-DENV-2 antibody levels. Furthermore, patterns of transmission of each virus from a Neotropical monkey suggest that ZIKV has greater potential than DENV-2 to establish a sylvatic transmission cycle in the Americas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46810-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T11:10:03Z","timestamp":1711537803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Trade-offs shaping transmission of sylvatic dengue and Zika viruses in monkey hosts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Hanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Cecilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha R.","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6174-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett A.","family":"Moehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Gass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia I.","family":"Oliveira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5912-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanqin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9203-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruimei","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Althouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Vasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannan L.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"46810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2432","volume":"20","author":"A Swei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swei, A., Couper, L. I., Coffey, L. L., Kapan, D. & Bennett, S. Patterns, drivers, and challenges of vector-borne disease emergence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 20, 159\u2013170 (2020).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008338","volume":"14","author":"S Guth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guth, S., Hanley, K. A., Althouse, B. M. & Boots, M. Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: Arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008338 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau8225","volume":"361","author":"ADT Barrett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barrett, A. D. T. The reemergence of yellow fever. Science 361, 847\u2013848 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"46810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030075","volume":"3","author":"JE Bryant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bryant, J. E., Holmes, E. C. & Barrett, A. D. Out of Africa: a molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas. PLoS Pathog. 3, e75 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"46810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.008","volume":"19","author":"KA Hanley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanley, K. A. et al. Fever versus fever: the role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus. Infect. Genet Evol. 19, 292\u2013311 (2013).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet Evol."},{"key":"46810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2408","volume":"19","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turell, M. J. et al. Lack of evidence of sylvatic transmission of dengue viruses in the Amazon rainforest near Iquitos, Peru. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 19, 685\u2013689 (2019).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04419-1","volume":"13","author":"MJ Valentine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valentine, M. J. et al. No evidence for sylvatic cycles of chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies. Parasit. Vectors 13, 540 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"46810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.06.001","volume":"144","author":"MT Aliota","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aliota, M. T. et al. Zika in the Americas, year 2: What have we learned? What gaps remain? A report from the Global Virus Network. Antivir. Res. 144, 223\u2013246 (2017).","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"46810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005055","volume":"10","author":"BM Althouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althouse, B. M. et al. Potential for Zika Virus to establish a sylvatic transmission cycle in the Americas. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0005055 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.11.007","volume":"22","author":"N Vasilakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasilakis, N. & Weaver, S. C. Flavivirus transmission focusing on Zika. Curr. Opin. Virol. 22, 30\u201335 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"46810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01394-7","volume":"16","author":"SR Favoretto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Favoretto, S. R. et al. Zika virus in peridomestic neotropical primates, Northeast Brazil. EcoHealth 16, 61\u201369 (2019).","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"46810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34423-6","volume":"8","author":"ACB Terzian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Terzian, A. C. B. et al. Evidence of natural Zika virus infection in neotropical non-human primates in Brazil. Sci. Rep. 8, 16034 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000423","volume":"3","author":"J Cardosa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cardosa, J. et al. Dengue virus serotype 2 from a sylvatic lineage isolated from a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, e423 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01866-9","volume":"20","author":"D Diallo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diallo, D. et al. Concurrent amplification of Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus in a sylvatic focus of arboviruses in Southeastern Senegal, 2015. BMC Microbiol. 20, 181 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"46810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001251","volume":"5","author":"L Franco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franco, L. et al. First report of sylvatic DENV-2-associated dengue hemorrhagic fever in West Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1251 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix451","volume":"216","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gubler, D. J., Vasilakis, N. & Musso, D. History and emergence of Zika virus. J. Infect. Dis. 216, S860\u2013S867 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00546","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00546-17","volume":"5","author":"AT Pyke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pyke, A. T. et al. Complete genome sequence of a highly divergent dengue virus type 2 strain, imported into Australia from Sabah, Malaysia. Genome Announc. 5, e00546\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"46810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22356","volume":"6","author":"AT Pyke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pyke, A. T. et al. Highly divergent dengue virus type 1 genotype sets a new distance record. Sci. Rep. 6, 22356 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100721","volume":"16","author":"BT Teoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teoh, B. T., Sam, S. S., Abd-Jamil, J. & AbuBakar, S. Isolation of ancestral sylvatic dengue virus type 1, Malaysia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 1783\u20131785 (2010).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7057","volume":"7","author":"LM Childs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Childs, L. M. et al. Linked within-host and between-host models and data for infectious diseases: a systematic review. PeerJ 7, e7057 (2019).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"46810_CR21","first-page":"20210900","volume":"288","author":"E Visher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visher, E. et al. The three Ts of virulence evolution during zoonotic emergence. Proc. Biol. Sci. 288, 20210900 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"46810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004387","volume":"10","author":"JJ Bull","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bull, J. J. & Lauring, A. S. Theory and empiricism in virulence evolution. PLoS Pathog. 10, e1004387 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"46810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1086\/419267","volume":"71","author":"SA Frank","year":"1996","unstructured":"Frank, S. A. Models of parasite virulence. Q. Rev. Biol. 71, 37\u201378 (1996).","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"46810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0492","volume":"91","author":"KA Hanley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanley, K. A. et al. Infection dynamics of sylvatic dengue virus in a natural primate host, the African Green Monkey. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 91, 672\u2013676 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"46810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02028","volume":"7","author":"F Koide","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koide, F. et al. Development of a Zika Virus infection model in cynomolgus macaques. Front. Microbiol. 7, 2028 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"46810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050229","volume":"10","author":"JO Rayner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rayner, J. O. et al. Comparative pathogenesis of Asian and African-Lineage Zika virus in Indian rhesus macaque\u2019s and development of a non-human primate model suitable for the evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. Viruses 10, 229 (2018).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"46810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-20","volume":"95","author":"CM Crooks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crooks, C. M. et al. African-Lineage Zika virus replication dynamics and maternal-fetal Interface infection in pregnant rhesus macaques. J. Virol. 95, e0222020 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"46810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284964","volume":"18","author":"MR Koenig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koenig, M. R. et al. Infection of the maternal-fetal interface and vertical transmission following low-dose inoculation of pregnant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with an African-lineage Zika virus. PLoS ONE 18, e0284964 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"46810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010623","volume":"16","author":"LE Raasch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raasch, L. E. et al. Fetal loss in pregnant rhesus macaques infected with high-dose African-lineage Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16, e0010623 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2008.04.003","volume":"74","author":"S Alizon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alizon, S. & van Baalen, M. Transmission-virulence trade-offs in vector-borne diseases. Theor. Popul Biol. 74, 6\u201315 (2008).","journal-title":"Theor. Popul Biol."},{"key":"46810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.015","volume":"452-453","author":"BM Althouse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Althouse, B. M. et al. Viral kinetics of primary dengue virus infection in non-human primates: a systematic review and individual pooled analysis. Virology 452-453, 237\u2013246 (2014).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"46810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140299","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0299","volume":"370","author":"BM Althouse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Althouse, B. M. & Hanley, K. A. The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 370, 20140299 (2015).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"46810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02222-8","volume":"8","author":"DM Dudley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dudley, D. M. et al. Infection via mosquito bite alters Zika virus tissue tropism and replication kinetics in rhesus macaques. Nat. Commun. 8, 2096 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002237","volume":"7","author":"A Le Coupanec","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Coupanec, A. et al. Aedes mosquito saliva modulates Rift Valley fever virus pathogenicity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7, e2237 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011704","volume":"5","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schneider, B. S. et al. Aedes aegypti saliva alters leukocyte recruitment and cytokine signaling by antigen-presenting cells during West Nile virus infection. PLoS ONE 5, e11704 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"46810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04595-w","volume":"9","author":"R Ben-Shachar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar, R. & Koelle, K. Transmission-clearance trade-offs indicate that dengue virulence evolution depends on epidemiological context. Nat. Commun. 9, 2355 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/2.2.203","volume":"2","author":"A Rudnick","year":"1965","unstructured":"Rudnick, A. Studies of the ecology of dengue in Malaysia: a preliminary report. J. Med. Entomol. 2, 203\u2013208 (1965).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"46810_CR38","first-page":"156","volume":"2","author":"A Rudnick","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rudnick, A. Ecology of dengue virus. Asian J. Infect. Dis. 2, 156\u2013160 (1978).","journal-title":"Asian J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR39","first-page":"51","volume":"23","author":"A Rudnick","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rudnick, A. & Lim, T. W. Dengue virus ecology in Malaysia. Inst. Med. Res. Malays. Bull. 23, 51\u2013152 (1986).","journal-title":"Inst. Med. Res. Malays. Bull."},{"key":"46810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3732-0","volume":"12","author":"MJ Valentine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valentine, M. J., Murdock, C. C. & Kelly, P. J. Sylvatic cycles of arboviruses in non-human primates. Parasit. Vectors 12, 463 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"46810_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wikan, N. & Smith, D. R. Zika virus from a Southeast Asian perspective. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 10, 1\u20135 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.11.013"},{"key":"46810_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.180258","volume":"25","author":"CL Chua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chua, C. L. et al. Little Evidence of Zika Virus infection in wild long-tailed macaques, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 374\u2013376 (2019).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR43","first-page":"460","volume":"46","author":"GH Leung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leung, G. H., Baird, R. W., Druce, J. & Anstey, N. M. Zika Virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 46, 460\u2013464 (2015).","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"46810_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2019.01.005","volume":"27","author":"BA Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han, B. A. et al. Confronting data sparsity to identify potential sources of Zika virus spillover infection among primates. Epidemics 27, 59\u201365 (2019).","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"46810_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109442","volume":"9","author":"D Diallo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diallo, D. et al. Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. PLoS One 9, e109442 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"46810_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040266","volume":"9","author":"T Pereira-Dos-Santos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira-Dos-Santos, T., Roiz, D., Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R. & Paupy, C. A systematic review: Is Aedes albopictus an efficient bridge vector for zoonotic arboviruses? Pathogens 9, 266 (2020).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"46810_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002681","volume":"8","author":"G Grard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grard, G. et al. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)\u20132007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2681 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortman, J., Hewett, T. & Bennett, B. The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate (CRC Press 2002).","DOI":"10.1201\/9780849376993"},{"key":"46810_CR49","first-page":"84","volume":"56","author":"MM Laffins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laffins, M. M., Mellal, N., Almlie, C. L. & Regalia, D. E. Evaluation of infrared thermometry in cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). J. Am. Assoc. Lab Anim. Sci. 56, 84\u201389 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab Anim. Sci."},{"key":"46810_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.41.1.10","volume":"41","author":"AG Brady","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brady, A. G. Research techniques for the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sp.). ILAR J. 41, 10\u201318 (2000).","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"46810_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508114112","volume":"112","author":"V Duong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duong, V. et al. Asymptomatic humans transmit dengue virus to mosquitoes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14688\u201314693 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"46810_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007116","volume":"13","author":"KC Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long, K. C. et al. Feasibility of feeding Aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007116 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303395110","volume":"110","author":"MN Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen, M. N. et al. Host and viral features of human dengue cases shape the population of infected and infectious Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9072\u20139077 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"46810_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05198-7","volume":"15","author":"A Gloria-Soria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gloria-Soria, A., Brackney, D. E. & Armstrong, P. M. Saliva collection via capillary method may underestimate arboviral transmission by mosquitoes. Parasit. Vectors 15, 103 (2022).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"46810_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12040304","volume":"12","author":"MR Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, M. R. et al. Characterizing and quantifying arbovirus transmission by Aedes aegypti using forced salivation and analysis of bloodmeals. Insects 12, 304 (2021).","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"46810_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111072","volume":"11","author":"KA Hanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanley, K. A., Azar, S. R., Campos, R. K., Vasilakis, N. & Rossi, S. L. Support for the transmission-clearance trade-off hypothesis from a study of Zika virus delivered by mosquito bite to mice. Viruses 11, 1072 (2019).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"46810_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011593","volume":"17","author":"L Lambrechts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lambrechts, L. et al. Direct mosquito feedings on dengue-2 virus-infected people reveal dynamics of human infectiousness. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 17, e0011593 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0969","volume":"97","author":"SR Azar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azar, S. R. et al. Differential vector competency of Aedes albopictus populations from the Americas for Zika virus. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 97, 330\u2013339 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"46810_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161484","volume":"23","author":"CM Roundy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roundy, C. M. et al. Variation in Aedes aegypti mosquito competence for Zika virus transmission. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 23, 625\u2013632 (2017).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005101","volume":"10","author":"J Weger-Lucarelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J. et al. Vector competence of American mosquitoes for three strains of Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0005101 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2648","volume":"21","author":"EB Skinner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skinner, E. B. et al. Species traits and hotspots associated with Ross River virus infection in nonhuman vertebrates in South East Queensland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 21, 50\u201358 (2021).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0856-0","volume":"10","author":"AT Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert, A. T. et al. Deciphering serology to understand the ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. Ecohealth 10, 298\u2013313 (2013).","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"46810_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.002","volume":"29","author":"M Viana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viana, M. et al. Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 270\u2013279 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"46810_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy196","volume":"218","author":"BA Chaves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaves, B. A. et al. Coinfection with Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus results in preferential ZIKV transmission by vector bite to vertebrate host. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 563\u2013571 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"46810_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","volume":"22","author":"NK Bjorkstrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjorkstrom, N. K., Strunz, B. & Ljunggren, H. G. Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 112\u2013123 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"46810_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-160","volume":"9","author":"L Lambrechts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lambrechts, L. et al. Genetic specificity and potential for local adaptation between dengue viruses and mosquito vectors. BMC Evol. Biol. 9, 160 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"46810_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03332-7","volume":"9","author":"BM Althouse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Althouse, B. M. et al. Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal. Nat. Commun. 9, 1046 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"46810_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.003","volume":"160","author":"JN Mandl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mandl, J. N. et al. Reservoir host immune responses to emerging zoonotic viruses. Cell 160, 20\u201335 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"46810_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001191","volume":"186","author":"JN Mandl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mandl, J. N. et al. Distinctive TLR7 signaling, type I IFN production, and attenuated innate and adaptive immune responses to yellow fever virus in a primate reservoir host. J. Immunol. 186, 6406\u20136416 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"46810_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50918-2","volume":"9","author":"N Berry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berry, N. et al. High susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of South American Zika virus in New World monkey species. Sci. Rep. 9, 14495 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46810_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110661","volume":"10","author":"SR Azar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azar, S. R. et al. ZIKV demonstrates minimal pathologic effects and mosquito infectivity in viremic cynomolgus macaques. Viruses 10, 661 (2018).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"46810_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0633","volume":"103","author":"LB Carrington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrington, L. B. et al. Virological and immunological outcomes in rhesus monkeys after exposure to dengue virus-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 103, 112\u2013119 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"46810_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009068","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009068","volume":"16","author":"S Lequime","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lequime, S. et al. Modeling intra-mosquito dynamics of Zika virus and its dose-dependence confirms the low epidemic potential of Aedes albopictus. PLoS Pathog. 16, e1009068 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"46810_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02776-06","volume":"81","author":"N Vasilakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vasilakis, N. et al. Evolutionary processes among sylvatic dengue type 2 viruses. J. Virol. 81, 9591\u20139595 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"46810_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00377-16","volume":"4","author":"JT Ladner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ladner, J. T. et al. Complete genome sequences of five Zika virus isolates. Genome Announc. 4, e00377-16 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"46810_CR76","unstructured":"Higgs, S. Care, maintenance and experimental infection of mosquitoes. In Disease Vectors (ed. Marquhardt, W. C.) (Elsevier, 2005)."},{"key":"46810_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00032","volume":"4","author":"HS Hong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hong, H. S., Rajakumar, P. A., Billingsley, J. M., Reeves, R. K. & Johnson, R. P. No monkey business: why studying NK cells in non-human primates pays off. Front. Immunol. 4, 32 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"46810_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.128","volume":"79","author":"N Vasilakis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vasilakis, N. et al. Antigenic relationships between sylvatic and endemic dengue viruses. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 79, 128\u2013132 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg."},{"key":"46810_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.6339\/JDS.201407_12(3).0001","volume":"12","author":"CE Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith, C. E. & Cribbie, R. Factorial ANOVA with unbalanced data: A fresh look at the types of sums of squares. J. Data Sci. 12, 385\u2013404 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Data Sci."},{"key":"46810_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006965","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006965","volume":"14","author":"QA Ten Bosch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Bosch, Q. A. et al. Contributions from the silent majority dominate dengue virus transmission. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1006965 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"46810_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5516-5528.2005","volume":"79","author":"JE Blaney Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blaney, J. E. Jr, Matro, J. M., Murphy, B. R. & Whitehead, S. S. Recombinant, live-attenuated tetravalent dengue virus vaccine formulations induce a balanced, broad, and protective neutralizing antibody response against each of the four serotypes in rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. 79, 5516\u20135528 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"46810_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cecilia, H. Trade-offs shaping transmission of sylvatic dengue 2 and Zika viruses in native and novel monkey hosts, hanley_2024_sylvatic_DENV_ZIKV_trade_offs, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10513981 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10513981"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46810-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46810-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46810-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:03:15Z","timestamp":1711540995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-46810-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46810-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2682"}}