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However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas musculis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T.mu<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an integral member of the mouse gut commensal microbiota, reduces CDI-induced intestinal damage by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and IL-1\u03b2 secretion, while promoting Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-\u03b3 secretion, which in turn enhances goblet cell production and mucin secretion to protect the intestinal mucosa.\n                    <jats:italic>T.mu<\/jats:italic>\n                    can actively metabolize arginine, not only influencing the host\u2019s arginine-ornithine metabolic pathway, but also shaping the metabolic environment for the microbial community in the host\u2019s intestinal lumen. This leads to a relatively low ornithine state in the intestinal lumen in\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice. These changes modulate\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s virulence and the host intestinal immune response, and thus collectively alleviating CDI. These findings strongly suggest interactions between an intestinal commensal eukaryote, a pathogenic bacterium, and the host immune system via inter-related arginine-ornithine metabolism in the regulation of pathogenesis and provide further insights for treating CDI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47075-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T07:01:53Z","timestamp":1712041313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A commensal protozoan attenuates Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis in mice via arginine-ornithine metabolism and host intestinal immune response"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2116-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanbo","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianlian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhinan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quangang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhutao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yugang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1059-1919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"47075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i11.3078","volume":"22","author":"LV McFarland","year":"2016","unstructured":"McFarland, L. 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