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The core ISC complex synthesizes [2Fe-2S] clusters de novo from Fe and a persulfide (SSH) bound at conserved cluster assembly site residues. Here, we elucidate the poorly understood Fe-dependent mechanism of persulfide transfer from cysteine desulfurase NFS1 to ISCU2. High-resolution cryo-EM structures obtained from anaerobically prepared samples provide snapshots that both visualize different stages of persulfide transfer from Cys381\n                    <jats:sup>NFS1<\/jats:sup>\n                    to Cys138\n                    <jats:sup>ISCU2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and clarify the molecular role of frataxin in optimally positioning assembly site residues for fast sulfur transfer. Biochemical analyses assign ISCU2 residues essential for sulfur transfer, and reveal that Cys138\n                    <jats:sup>ISCU2<\/jats:sup>\n                    rapidly receives the persulfide without a detectable intermediate. M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy assessing the Fe coordination of various sulfur transfer intermediates shows a dynamic equilibrium between pre- and post-sulfur-transfer states shifted by frataxin. Collectively, our study defines crucial mechanistic stages of physiological [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly and clarifies frataxin\u2019s molecular role in this fundamental process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47310-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T11:18:01Z","timestamp":1713266281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mechanism and structural dynamics of sulfur transfer during de novo [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly on ISCU2"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vinzent","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4564-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Steinhilper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Oltmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8521-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven-A.","family":"Freibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Krapoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Linne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Welsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren H.","family":"Hoock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Sch\u00fcnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8345-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"47310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5326.653","volume":"277","author":"H Beinert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beinert, H., Holm, R. 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