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As a result, human infections with avian H9N2 viruses have been increasingly reported. In 2017, an H9N2 virus was isolated for the first time from Egyptian fruit bats (\n                    <jats:italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that bat H9N2 is descended from a common ancestor dating back centuries ago. However, the H9 and N2 sequences appear to be genetically similar to current avian IAVs, suggesting recent reassortment events. These observations raise the question of the zoonotic potential of the mammal-adapted bat H9N2. Here, we investigate the infection and transmission potential of bat H9N2 in vitro and in vivo, the ability to overcome the antiviral activity of the human MxA protein, and the presence of N2-specific cross-reactive antibodies in human sera. We show that bat H9N2 has high replication and transmission potential in ferrets, efficiently infects human lung explant cultures, and is able to evade antiviral inhibition by MxA in transgenic B6 mice. Together with its low antigenic similarity to the N2 of seasonal human strains, bat H9N2 fulfils key criteria for pre-pandemic IAVs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47455-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T06:01:41Z","timestamp":1714024901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bat-borne H9N2 influenza virus evades MxA restriction and exhibits efficient replication and transmission in ferrets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7983-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico 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Broadly protective human antibodies that target the active site of influenza virus neuraminidase. 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Viviana Simon is also listed as co-inventor on patent applications for SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. Mount Sinai has spun out companies, Kantaro and Castlevax, to market the SARS-CoV-2 related technologies. Florian Krammer has consulted for Merck and Pfizer (before 2020), and is currently consulting for Pfizer, Seqirus, 3rd Rock Ventures, GSK and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and with Dynavax on universal influenza virus vaccines. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3450"}}