{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:32:02Z","timestamp":1793727122567,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> parasites. <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> are obligate parasites of freshwater <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> snails, thus controlling snail populations is critical to reducing transmission risk. As snails are sensitive to environmental conditions, we expect their distribution is significantly impacted by global change. Here, we used machine learning, remote sensing, and 30 years of snail occurrence records to map the historical and current distribution of forward-transmitting <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> hosts throughout Brazil. We identified key features influencing the distribution of suitable habitat and determined how <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> habitat has changed with climate and urbanization over the last three decades. Our models show that climate change has driven broad shifts in snail host range, whereas expansion of urban and peri-urban areas has driven localized increases in habitat suitability. Elucidating change in <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> distribution\u2014while accounting for non-linearities that are difficult to detect from local case studies\u2014can help inform schistosomiasis control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48335-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1718791340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Climate and urbanization drive changes in the habitat suitability of Schistosoma mansoni competent snails in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline K.","family":"Glidden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyson L.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Chamberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roseli","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel G. S.","family":"Palasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Lima","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Miguel V.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamazima M. M.","family":"Lwiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejas S.","family":"Athni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne H.","family":"Sokolow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin A.","family":"Mordecai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-3369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio A.","family":"De Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"48335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley, D. G., Bustinduy, A. L., Secor, W. E. & King, C. H. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383, 2253\u20132264 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"48335_CR2","unstructured":"WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240041608 (2022)."},{"key":"48335_CR3","unstructured":"Schistosomiasis\u2014PAHO\/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/schistosomiasis (2017)."},{"key":"48335_CR4","unstructured":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240010352 (2021)."},{"key":"48335_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4324","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4324","volume":"371","author":"GAD Leo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leo, G. A. D. et al. Schistosomiasis and climate change. BMJ 371, m4324 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"48335_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000900002","volume":"96","author":"WL Paraense","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paraense, W. L. The schistosome vectors in the Americas. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 96, 7\u201316 (2001).","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"48335_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2017537118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017537118","volume":"118","author":"KH Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, K. H. et al. Interventions can shift the thermal optimum for parasitic disease transmission. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2017537118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"48335_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X1994000200007","volume":"10","author":"FS Barbosa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barbosa, F. S. & Barbosa, C. S. The bioecology of snail vectors for schitosomiasis in Brazil. Cad. Saude Publ. 10, 200\u2013209 (1994).","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publ."},{"key":"48335_CR9","first-page":"100144","volume":"8","author":"ECS Gomes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gomes, E. C. S. et al. Urban schistosomiasis: An ecological study describing a new challenge to the control of this neglected tropical disease. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 8, 100144 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"48335_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008995","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008995","volume":"15","author":"K Klohe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klohe, K. et al. A systematic literature review of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15, e0008995 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"48335_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195519","volume":"13","author":"TAS Calasans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calasans, T. A. S. et al. Socioenvironmental factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection and intermediate hosts in an urban area of northeastern Brazil. PLOS One 13, e0195519 (2018).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"48335_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000400034","volume":"105","author":"CS Barbosa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barbosa, C. S. et al. Current epidemiological status of schistosomiasis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 105, 549\u2013554 (2010).","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"48335_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.10.003","volume":"50","author":"LK Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva, L. K. et al. The changing profile of schistosomiasis in a changing urban landscape. Int. J. Parasitol. 50, 27\u201334 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"48335_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-1486-2013","volume":"46","author":"DS Oliveira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira, D. S. et al. Schistosomiasis mansoni in urban Northeast Brazil: influence of rainfall regime on the population dynamics of Biomphalaria sp. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 46, 654\u2013657 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"48335_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422006000500003","volume":"29","author":"PBda Silva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silva, P. Bda, Barbosa, C. S., Pieri, O., Travassos, A. & Florencio, L. Aspectos f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicos e biol\u00f3gicos relacionados \u00e0 ocorr\u00eancia de Biomphalaria glabrata em focos litor\u00e2neos da esquistossomose em Pernambuco. Qu\u00edm. Nova 29, 901\u2013906 (2006).","journal-title":"Qu\u00edm. Nova"},{"key":"48335_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268998","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1268998","volume":"14","author":"CA Menezes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menezes, C. A. et al. FioSchisto\u2019s expert perspective on implementing WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis control and transmission elimination in Brazil. Front. Immunol. 14, 1268998 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"48335_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04061","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04061","volume":"11","author":"W Silva da Paz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva da Paz, W. et al. Basic and associated causes of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil: A population-based study and a 20-year time series of a disease still neglected. J. Glob. Health 11, 04061 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"48335_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.002","volume":"34","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sokolow, S. H. et al. To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use \u2018Old Fashioned\u2019 Snail Control. Trends Parasitol. 34, 23\u201340 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"48335_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","volume":"10","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sokolow, S. H. et al. Global Assessment of Schistosomiasis Control Over the Past Century Shows Targeting the Snail Intermediate Host Works Best. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004794 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"48335_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.127","volume":"6","author":"RGC Scholte","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scholte, R. G. C., Carvalho, O. S., Malone, J. B., Utzinger, J. & Vounatsou, P. Spatial distribution of Biomphalaria spp., the intermediate host snails of Schistosoma mansoni, in Brazil. Geospatial Health 6, S95\u2013S101 (2012).","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"48335_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105764","volume":"214","author":"RGS Palasio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palasio, R. G. S., de Azevedo, T. S., Tuan, R. & Chiaravalloti-Neto, F. Modelling the present and future distribution of Biomphalaria species along the watershed of the Middle Paranapanema region, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop. 214, 105764 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"48335_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.45","volume":"2","author":"A Sorichetta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sorichetta, A. et al. High-resolution gridded population datasets for Latin America and the Caribbean in 2010, 2015, and 2020. Sci. Data 2, 150045 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"48335_CR23","unstructured":"Azevedo, T., Sr., Souza, C. M., Jr., Shimbo, J. & Alencar, A. MapBiomas initiative: Mapping annual land cover and land use changes in Brazil from 1985 to 2017. B22A-04 (American Geophysical Union, 2018)."},{"key":"48335_CR24","unstructured":"Molnar, C. Interpretable machine learning: a guide for making black box models explainable, 2nd edn. https:\/\/christophm.github.io\/interpretable-ml-book\/ (2022)."},{"key":"48335_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x","volume":"17","author":"J Elith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elith, J. et al. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Divers. Distrib. 17, 43\u201357 (2011).","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"48335_CR26","first-page":"e00129723","volume":"39","author":"ACD Cardoso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cardoso, A. C. D., dal\u2019Asta, A. P. & Monteiro, A. M. V. O que \u00e9 o urbano na Amaz\u00f4nia contempor\u00e2nea? Implica\u00e7\u00f5es para a vigil\u00e2ncia em sa\u00fade no bioma. Cad. Sa\u00fade. P\u00fabl. 39, e00129723 (2023).","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade. P\u00fabl."},{"key":"48335_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favre, T. C. et al. A Longitudinal Study on the Natural Infection of Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata by Schistosoma mansoni in an Endemic Area of Schistosomiasis in Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 97, 465\u2013475 (2002).","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000400003"},{"key":"48335_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106132","volume":"224","author":"RGS Palasio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palasio, R. G. S., de Jesus Rossignoli, T., Di Sessa, R. C. S., Ohlweiler, F. P. & Chiaravalloti-Neto, F. Spatial analysis of areas at risk for schistosomiasis in the Alto Tiet\u00ea Basin, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop. 224, 106132 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"48335_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Lima Amaral, E. F. Brazil: internal migration. In The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444351071.wbeghm075 (2013).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444351071.wbeghm075"},{"key":"48335_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45469-8","volume":"15","author":"NM Str\u00edkis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Str\u00edkis, N. M. et al. Modern anthropogenic drought in Central Brazil unprecedented during last 700 years. Nat. Commun. 15, 1728 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48335_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965\u20131978 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"48335_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trac124","volume":"117","author":"S De Sousa Dos Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Sousa Dos Santos, S. et al. Schistosomiasis mansoni and hydrographical conditions in S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 117, 391\u2013400 (2023).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"48335_CR33","unstructured":"Njoh, D. B. et al. Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Bamenda: A Policy Narrative. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Urban-and-Peri-Urban-Agriculture-in-Bamenda-%3A-A\/587e4295f396832348456abc5552f27c7ea21318 (2018)."},{"key":"48335_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-101","volume":"14","author":"EC de Souza Gomes","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Souza Gomes, E. C. et al. Risk analysis for occurrences of schistosomiasis in the coastal area of Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 101 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"48335_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0099-2013","volume":"46","author":"HA Pinto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinto, H. A., Mati, V. L. T. & Melo, A. Lde The Pampulha reservoir remains a potential urban focus of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: changes in the occurrence patterns of Biomphalaria species and a new record of the parasite. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 46, 478\u2013483 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"48335_CR36","unstructured":"Ferrari, D. F. et al. ESQUISTOSSOMOSE\u2014PERFIL EPIDEMIOL\u00d3GICO DOS CASOS ESP\u00cdRITO SANTO \u2013 2007 A 2017. In Proceedings of the II Scientific Journey of Medicine at Vila Velha University: UVV 11, https:\/\/www.even3.com.br\/\/anais\/2jornadameduvv\/132662-esquistossomose--perfil-epidemiologico-dos-casos-espirito-santo-\u22122007-a-2017 (2018)."},{"key":"48335_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M. R. Socio-environmental factors and schistosomiasis hospitalizations in Minas Gerais, Brazil (2007-2017)\/ Factores socioambientales y hospitalizaciones por esquistosomiasis en Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017)\/ Fatores socioambientais e interna\u00e7\u00f5es por esquistossomose em Minas Gerais, Brasil (2007-2017). J. Health NPEPS 7, e6228 (2022).","DOI":"10.30681\/252610106228"},{"key":"48335_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903698116","volume":"116","author":"CL Wood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wood, C. L. et al. Precision mapping of snail habitat provides a powerful indicator of human schistosomiasis transmission. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 23182\u201323191 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"48335_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061345","volume":"14","author":"ZY-C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Z. Y.-C. et al. Deep Learning Segmentation of Satellite Imagery Identifies Aquatic Vegetation Associated with Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosomiasis in Senegal. Afr. Remote Sens. 14, 1345 (2022).","journal-title":"Afr. Remote Sens."},{"key":"48335_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008310","volume":"14","author":"D Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, D. et al. The potential risk of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by the invasive freshwater snail Biomphalaria straminea in South China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008310 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"48335_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singleton, A. L. et al. Species distribution modeling for disease ecology: a multi-scale case study for schistosomiasis host snails in Brazil. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.10.23292488 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.10.23292488"},{"key":"48335_CR42","unstructured":"Hijmans, R. J., Phillips, S. & Elith, J. dismo: Species Distribution Modeling. R package version 1.3-14 (2023)."},{"key":"48335_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.012","volume":"275","author":"RA Boria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boria, R. A., Olson, L. E., Goodman, S. M. & Anderson, R. P. Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models. Ecol. Model. 275, 73\u201377 (2014).","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"48335_CR44","unstructured":"GBIF. https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/ (2024)."},{"key":"48335_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00587-y","volume":"7","author":"DN Karger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karger, D. N., Schmatz, D. R., Dettling, G. & Zimmermann, N. E. High-resolution monthly precipitation and temperature time series from 2006 to 2100. Sci. Data 7, 248 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"48335_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","volume":"540","author":"J-F Pekel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N. & Belward, A. S. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature 540, 418\u2013422 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48335_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR024873","volume":"55","author":"D Yamazaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamazaki, D. et al. MERIT Hydro: A High-Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset. Water Resour. Res. 55, 5053\u20135073 (2019).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"48335_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1111-9","volume":"569","author":"G Grill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grill, G. et al. Mapping the world\u2019s free-flowing rivers. Nature 569, 215\u2013221 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48335_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NASA JPL (2020). NASADEM Merged DEM Global 1 arc second V001 [Data set]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MEaSUREs\/NASADEM\/NASADEM_HGT.001 (2020). Accessed December 30, 2020.","DOI":"10.5067\/MEaSUREs\/NASADEM\/NASADEM_HGT.001"},{"key":"48335_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hengl, T. Sand content in % (kg \/ kg) at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2525662 (2018).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2525662"},{"key":"48335_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hengl, T. Clay content in % (kg \/ kg) at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2525663 (2018).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2525663"},{"key":"48335_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hengl, T. Soil bulk density (fine earth) 10 x kg \/ m-cubic at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2525665 (2018).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2525665"},{"key":"48335_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hengl, T. Soil pH in H2O at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2525664 (2018).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2525664"},{"key":"48335_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hengl, T. & Wheeler, I. Soil organic carbon content in x5 g \/ kg at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2525553 (2018).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2525553"},{"key":"48335_CR55","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division\u2014Demographic and Social Statistics. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/demographic\/products\/dyb\/dyb2005.htm (2005)."},{"key":"48335_CR56","unstructured":"Data | The World Bank. https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/sdgatlas\/archive\/2017\/SDG-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html (2017)."},{"key":"48335_CR57","unstructured":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). GHS-POP R2015A - GHS population grid, derived from GPW4, multitemporal (1975, 1990, 2000, 2015) - OBSOLETE RELEASE. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset]. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/89h\/jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a (2015)."},{"key":"48335_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","volume":"202","author":"N Gorelick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18\u201327 (2017).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"48335_CR59","unstructured":"CHELSA Downloads v2.1. \u201cCHELSA Downloads v2.1.\u201d https:\/\/envicloud.wsl.ch\/#\/?prefix=chelsa%2Fchelsa_V2%2FGLOBAL%2F. (2021). Accessed December 20, 2023."},{"key":"48335_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, T. & Guestrin, C. XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 785\u2013794 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939672.2939785.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"48335_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13107","volume":"10","author":"R Valavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valavi, R., Elith, J., Lahoz-Monfort, J. J. & Guillera-Arroita, G. blockCV: An r package for generating spatially or environmentally separated folds for k-fold cross-validation of species distribution models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 225\u2013232 (2019).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"48335_CR62","unstructured":"Yan, Y. rBayesianOptimization: bayesian optimization of hyperparameters. R package version 1.2.0 (2021)."},{"key":"48335_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin, X. et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinforma. 12, 77 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"48335_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","volume":"28","author":"M Kuhn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuhn, M. Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package. J. Stat. Softw. 28, 1\u201326 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"48335_CR65","unstructured":"Liu, Y. & Just, A. SHAPforxgboost: SHAP plots for \u2018XGBoost\u2019. R package version 0.1.3 (CRAN, 2023)."},{"key":"48335_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-016","volume":"9","author":"BM Greenwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greenwell, B. M. pdp: An R Package for Constructing Partial Dependence Plots. R. J. 9, 421\u2013436 (2017).","journal-title":"R. J."},{"key":"48335_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, 2016). https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"48335_CR68","unstructured":"Pereira, R., Goncalves, C. geobr: Download Official Spatial Data Sets of Brazil. R package version 1.8.2900. https:\/\/github.com\/ipeaGIT\/geobr (2024)."},{"key":"48335_CR69","unstructured":"Hijmans R. raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package version 3.6-27, https:\/\/rspatial.org\/raster (2024)."},{"key":"48335_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ALChamberlin, A., Climate and urbanization drive changes in the habitat suitability of Schistosoma mansoni competent snails in Brazil, https:\/\/github.com\/ckglidden\/biomphalaria-sdm-brazil\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10975595 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10975595"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48335-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48335-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48335-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T10:02:39Z","timestamp":1718791359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48335-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-48335-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4838"}}