{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T03:32:31Z","timestamp":1794454351355,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS124564, RF1NS131069, R01NS096761, and NS127849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS124564, RF1NS131069, R01NS096761, and NS127849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U18EB029354, T32EB029365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U18EB029354, T32EB029365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32EB029365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EB029365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AT009263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AT009263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE2140739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE2140739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables users to control devices with their minds. Despite advancements, non-invasive BCIs still exhibit high error rates, prompting investigation into the potential reduction through concurrent targeted neuromodulation. Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technology with high spatiotemporal precision. This study examines whether tFUS neuromodulation can improve BCI outcomes, and explores the underlying mechanism of action using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging (ESI). As a result, V5-targeted tFUS significantly reduced the error in a BCI speller task. Source analyses revealed a significantly increase in theta and alpha activities in the tFUS condition at both V5 and downstream in the dorsal visual processing pathway. Correlation analysis indicated that the connection within the dorsal processing pathway was preserved during tFUS stimulation, while the ventral connection was weakened. These findings suggest that V5-targeted tFUS enhances feature-based attention to visual motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48576-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T06:04:01Z","timestamp":1718085841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Transcranial focused ultrasound to V5 enhances human visual motion brain-computer interface by modulating feature-based attention"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3799-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Kosnoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4778-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5560-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"48576_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1929.91.1.284","volume":"91","author":"EN Harvey","year":"1929","unstructured":"Harvey, E. N. The effect of high frequency sound waves on heart muscle and other irritable tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Leg. Content 91, 284\u2013290 (1929).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Leg. Content"},{"key":"48576_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.127.3289.83","volume":"127","author":"FJ Fry","year":"1958","unstructured":"Fry, F. J., Ades, H. W. & Fry, W. J. Production of reversible changes in the central nervous system by ultrasound. Science 127, 83\u201384 (1958).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"48576_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.05.002","volume":"6","author":"S Hameroff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hameroff, S. et al. Transcranial ultrasound (TUS) effects on mental states: a pilot study. Brain Stimul. 6, 409\u2013415 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"48576_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28040-1","volume":"13","author":"S Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo, S., Mittelstein, D. R., Hurt, R. C., Lacroix, J. & Shapiro, M. G. Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification. Nat. Commun. 13, 493 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48576_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-019-0070-5","volume":"5","author":"J Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. et al. A MEMS ultrasound stimulation system for modulation of neural circuits with high spatial resolution in vitro. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 5, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"48576_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.002","volume":"16","author":"K Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, K. et al. Ultrasonocoverslip: in-vitro platform for high-throughput assay of cell type-specific neuromodulation with ultra-low-intensity ultrasound stimulation. Brain Stimul. 16, 1533\u20131548 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"48576_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22743-7","volume":"12","author":"K Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, K., Niu, X., Krook-Magnuson, E. & He, B. Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation. Nat. Commun. 12, 2519 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48576_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00804-z","volume":"5","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Induction of a torpor-like hypothermic and hypometabolic state in rodents by ultrasound. Nat. Metab. 5, 789\u2013803 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"48576_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.09.009","volume":"39","author":"RL King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King, R. L., Brown, J. R., Newsome, W. T. & Pauly, K. B. Effective parameters for ultrasound-induced in vivo neurostimulation. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 39, 312\u2013331 (2013).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.01.015","volume":"15","author":"X Niu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niu, X., Yu, K. & He, B. Transcranial focused ultrasound induces sustained synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. Brain Stimul. 15, 352\u2013359 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"48576_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.08.021","volume":"29","author":"S-J Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh, S.-J. et al. Ultrasonic neuromodulation via astrocytic TRPA1. Curr. Biol. 29, 3386\u20133401.e8 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.10.029","volume":"23","author":"T Deffieux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deffieux, T. et al. Low-intensity focused ultrasound modulates monkey visuomotor behavior. Curr. Biol. 23, 2430\u20132433 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz4193","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4193","volume":"6","author":"J Kubanek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kubanek, J. et al. Remote, brain region\u2013specific control of choice behavior with ultrasonic waves. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz4193 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"48576_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40541","volume":"8","author":"L Verhagen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verhagen, L. et al. Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates. eLife 8, e40541 (2019).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"48576_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.019","volume":"101","author":"D Folloni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Folloni, D. et al. Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation. Neuron 101, 1109\u20131116.e5 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg7700","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg7700","volume":"7","author":"D Folloni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Folloni, D. et al. Ultrasound modulation of macaque prefrontal cortex selectively alters credit assignment\u2013related activity and behavior. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg7700 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"48576_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0375-6","volume":"22","author":"EF Fouragnan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fouragnan, E. F. et al. The macaque anterior cingulate cortex translates counterfactual choice value into actual behavioral change. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 797\u2013808 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101066","volume":"23","author":"J Zou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zou, J. et al. Ultrasound neuromodulation inhibits seizures in acute epileptic monkeys. iScience 23, 101066 (2020).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"48576_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.006","volume":"14","author":"P-F Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, P.-F. et al. Bidirectional and state-dependent modulation of brain activity by transcranial focused ultrasound in non-human primates. Brain Stimul. 14, 261\u2013272 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"48576_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.04.012","volume":"16","author":"TD Webb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Webb, T. D., Wilson, M. G., Od\u00e9en, H. & Kubanek, J. Sustained modulation of primate deep brain circuits with focused ultrasonic waves. Brain Stimul. 16, 798\u2013805 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"48576_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.05.002","volume":"15","author":"C Sarica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarica, C. et al. Human studies of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Brain Stimul. 15, 737\u2013746 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"48576_CR22","first-page":"e2205634","volume":"10","author":"R Beisteiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beisteiner, R., Hallett, M. & Lozano, A. M. Ultrasound neuromodulation as a new brain therapy. Adv. Sci. Weinh. Baden-Wurtt. Ger. 10, e2205634 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Weinh. Baden-Wurtt. Ger."},{"key":"48576_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908999","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908999","volume":"30","author":"K Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, K., Niu, X. & He, B. Neuromodulation management of chronic neuropathic pain in the central nervous system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1908999 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"48576_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040428","volume":"12","author":"JA Cain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cain, J. A. et al. Ultrasonic deep brain neuromodulation in acute disorders of consciousness: a proof-of-concept. Brain Sci. 12, 428 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"48576_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40998-0","volume":"14","author":"SN Yaakub","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yaakub, S. N. et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans. Nat. Commun. 14, 5318 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48576_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-04194-4","volume":"17","author":"TS Riis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riis, T. S. et al. Durable effects of deep brain ultrasonic neuromodulation on major depression: a case report. J. Med. Case Reports 17, 449 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Reports"},{"key":"48576_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61816-9","volume":"381","author":"JL Collinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Collinger, J. L. et al. 7 degree-of-freedom neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia. Lancet 381, 557\u2013564 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"48576_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435","volume":"533","author":"CE Bouton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouton, C. E. et al. Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia. Nature 533, 247\u2013250 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48576_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.03.009","volume":"110","author":"SK Wandelt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wandelt, S. K. et al. Decoding grasp and speech signals from the cortical grasp circuit in a tetraplegic human. Neuron 110, 1777\u20131787.e3 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0380","volume":"372","author":"SN Flesher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flesher, S. N. et al. A brain-computer interface that evokes tactile sensations improves robotic arm control. Science 372, 831 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"48576_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027540","volume":"385","author":"DA Moses","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moses, D. A. et al. Neuroprosthesis for decoding speech in a paralyzed person with Anarthria. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 217\u2013227 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"48576_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1119-1","volume":"568","author":"GK Anumanchipalli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anumanchipalli, G. K., Chartier, J. & Chang, E. F. Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences. Nature 568, 493\u2013498 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48576_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03506-2","volume":"593","author":"FR Willett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M. & Shenoy, K. V. High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting. Nature 593, 249\u2013254 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48576_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw6844","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaw6844","volume":"4","author":"BJ Edelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edelman, B. J. et al. Noninvasive neuroimaging enhances continuous neural tracking for robotic device control. Sci. Robot. 4, eaaw6844 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"48576_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38565","volume":"6","author":"J Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng, J. et al. Noninvasive electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for reach and grasp tasks. Sci. Rep. 6, 38565 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48576_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105418","volume":"25","author":"L Tonin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tonin, L. et al. Learning to control a BMI-driven wheelchair for people with severe tetraplegia. iScience 25, 105418 (2022).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"48576_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/4\/011","volume":"5","author":"F Guo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guo, F., Hong, B., Gao, X. & Gao, S. A brain\u2013computer interface using motion-onset visual evoked potential. J. Neural Eng. 5, 477 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90149-6","volume":"70","author":"LA Farwell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Farwell, L. A. & Donchin, E. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70, 510\u2013523 (1988).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac689f","volume":"19","author":"HS Pulferer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pulferer, H. S., \u00c1sgeirsd\u00f3ttir, B., Mondini, V., Sburlea, A. I. & M\u00fcller-Putz, G. R. Continuous 2D trajectory decoding from attempted movement: across-session performance in able-bodied and feasibility in a spinal cord injured participant. J. Neural Eng. 19, 036005 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aba162","volume":"17","author":"R Mane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mane, R., Chouhan, T. & Guan, C. BCI for stroke rehabilitation: motor and beyond. J. Neural Eng. 17, 041001 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21717-y","volume":"8","author":"Z Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Zhang, C., Zeng, Y., Tong, L. & Yan, B. A novel P300 BCI speller based on the Triple RSVP paradigm. Sci. Rep. 8, 3350 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48576_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3005518","volume":"68","author":"D Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, D., Liu, C., Chen, J., Zhang, D. & Hong, B. Doubling the speed of N200 speller via dual-directional motion encoding. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 68, 204\u2013213 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac9edd","volume":"19","author":"M Ogino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogino, M., Hamada, N. & Mitsukura, Y. Simultaneous multiple-stimulus auditory brain\u2013computer interface with semi-supervised learning and prior probability distribution tuning. J. Neural Eng. 19, 066008 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","volume":"6","author":"Z-D Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S. H. & Peterchev, A. V. Electric field depth\u2013focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: simulation comparison of 50 coil designs. Brain Stimul. 6, 1\u201313 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"48576_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8883046","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8883046","volume":"2020","author":"L Huo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huo, L. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances episodic memory in healthy older adults by modulating retrieval-specific activation. Neural Plast. 2020, e8883046 (2020).","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"48576_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1925","volume":"47","author":"Y Kasashima-Shindo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasashima-Shindo, Y. et al. Brain-computer interface training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic severe hemiparesis: Proof of concept study. J. Rehabil. Med. 47, 318\u2013324 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"48576_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00093","volume":"8","author":"SR Soekadar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soekadar, S. R., Witkowski, M., Cossio, E. G., Birbaumer, N. & Cohen, L. G. Learned EEG-based brain self-regulation of motor-related oscillations during application of transcranial electric brain stimulation: feasibility and limitations. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8, 93 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016009","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa8ce3","volume":"15","author":"NN Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, N. N. et al. Combined rTMS and virtual reality brain-computer interface training for motor recovery after stroke. J. Neural Eng. 15, 016009 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3620","volume":"17","author":"W Legon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Legon, W. et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 322\u2013329 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3030892","volume":"68","author":"K Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, K., Liu, C., Niu, X. & He, B. Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of voluntary movement-related cortical activity in humans. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 68, 1923\u20131931 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR51","first-page":"1236","volume":"15","author":"CR Butler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butler, C. R. et al. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation to human middle temporal complex improves visual motion detection and modulates electrophysiological responses. Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation 15, 1236\u20131245 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"48576_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.07.056","volume":"16","author":"Y Shamli Oghli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamli Oghli, Y. et al. Mechanisms of theta burst transcranial ultrasound induced plasticity in the human motor cortex. Brain Stimul. 16, 1135\u20131143 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"48576_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178476","volume":"12","author":"W Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, W. et al. Non-invasive transmission of sensorimotor information in humans using an EEG\/focused ultrasound brain-to-brain interface. PLoS ONE 12, e0178476 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"48576_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.06.026","volume":"120","author":"B Hong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hong, B., Guo, F., Liu, T., Gao, X. & Gao, S. N200-speller using motion-onset visual response. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 1658\u20131666 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/3\/036003","volume":"7","author":"T Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, T., Goldberg, L., Gao, S. & Hong, B. An online brain\u2013computer interface using non-flashing visual evoked potentials. J. Neural Eng. 7, 036003 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35117-4","volume":"13","author":"SI Kronemer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kronemer, S. I. et al. Human visual consciousness involves large scale cortical and subcortical networks independent of task report and eye movement activity. Nat. Commun. 13, 7342 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48576_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00112-4","volume":"40","author":"H Th\u00e9oret","year":"2002","unstructured":"Th\u00e9oret, H., Kobayashi, M., Ganis, G., Di Capua, P. & Pascual-Leone, A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of human area MT\/V5 disrupts perception and storage of the motion aftereffect. Neuropsychologia 40, 2280\u20132287 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"48576_CR58","first-page":"17","volume":"53","author":"I Riecansk\u00fd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riecansk\u00fd, I. Extrastriate area V5 (MT) and its role in the processing of visual motion. Cesk. Fysiol. 53, 17\u201322 (2004).","journal-title":"Cesk. Fysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.5.2235","volume":"114","author":"J Zihl","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zihl, J., von Cramon, D., Mai, N. & Schmid, C. Disturbance of movement vision after bilateral posterior brain damage. Further evidence and follow up observations. Brain J. Neurol. 114, 2235\u20132252 (1991).","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"48576_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","volume":"4","author":"GM Sullivan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sullivan, G. M. & Feinn, R. Using effect size\u2014or why the p value is not enough. J. Grad. Med. Educ. 4, 279\u2013282 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"48576_CR61","unstructured":"Morey, R. D. et al. BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs. http:\/\/bayesfactorpcl.r-forge.r-project.org\/ (2024)."},{"key":"48576_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0660-4","volume":"23","author":"C Keysers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keysers, C., Gazzola, V. & Wagenmakers, E.-J. Using Bayes factor hypothesis testing in neuroscience to establish evidence of absence. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 788\u2013799 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1198\/000313002137","volume":"56","author":"S Sinharay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sinharay, S. & Stern, H. S. On the sensitivity of Bayes factors to the prior distributions. Am. Stat. 56, 196\u2013201 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"48576_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","volume":"7","author":"A Gramfort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. et al. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7, 267 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-062117-120853","volume":"20","author":"B He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, B., Sohrabpour, A., Brown, E. & Liu, Z. Electrophysiological source imaging: a noninvasive window to brain dynamics. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 20, 171\u2013196 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale, A. M., Fischl, B. & Sereno, M. I. Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage 9, 179\u2013194 (1999).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan, R. S. et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage 31, 968\u2013980 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bachatene, L. et al. Adaptation and neuronal network in visual Cortex. in Visual Cortex\u2014 Current Status and Perspectives. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/46011 (IntechOpen, 2012).","DOI":"10.5772\/46011"},{"key":"48576_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milner, A. D. Visual systems: dorsal and ventral. in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (eds. Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B.) 16285\u201316288 (Pergamon, Oxford, 2001)","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/03474-4"},{"key":"48576_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Righi, G. & Vettel, J. Dorsal Visual Pathway. in Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (eds. Kreutzer, J. S., DeLuca, J. & Caplan, B.) 887\u2013888 (Springer, New York, NY, 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1358"},{"key":"48576_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/031002","volume":"13","author":"W Speier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Speier, W., Arnold, C. & Pouratian, N. Integrating language models into classifiers for BCI communication: a review. J. Neural Eng. 13, 031002 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR72","unstructured":"FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Marketing Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers\u2014Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. (FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 2023)."},{"key":"48576_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.018","volume":"89","author":"G Michalareas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michalareas, G. et al. Alpha-beta and gamma rhythms subserve feedback and feedforward influences among human visual cortical areas. Neuron 89, 384\u2013397 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00395","volume":"25","author":"L Payne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Payne, L., Guillory, S. & Sekuler, R. Attention-modulated alpha-band oscillations protect against intrusion of irrelevant information. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 25, 1463 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.052","volume":"87","author":"A Mazaheri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mazaheri, A. et al. Region-specific modulations in oscillatory alpha activity serve to facilitate processing in the visual and auditory modalities. NeuroImage 87, 356\u2013362 (2014).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(92)90054-F","volume":"13","author":"T Demiralp","year":"1992","unstructured":"Demiralp, T. & Ba\u015far, E. Theta rhythmicities following expected visual and auditory targets. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 13, 147\u2013160 (1992).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116295","volume":"205","author":"G Cona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cona, G. et al. Theta and alpha oscillations as signatures of internal and external attention to delayed intentions: a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study. NeuroImage 205, 116295 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0028-21.2021","volume":"9","author":"BU Cowley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cowley, B. U., Juurmaa, K. & Palom\u00e4ki, J. Reduced power in fronto-parietal theta EEG linked to impaired attention-sampling in adult ADHD. eNeuro 9, ENEURO.0028-21.2021 (2022).","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"48576_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24417-w","volume":"12","author":"P Kaushik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaushik, P., Moye, A., Vugt, M. V. & Roy, P. P. Decoding the cognitive states of attention and distraction in a real-life setting using EEG. Sci. Rep. 12, 20649 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48576_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.11.009","volume":"23","author":"IC Fiebelkorn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiebelkorn, I. C. & Kastner, S. A rhythmic theory of attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 87\u2013101 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"48576_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.048","volume":"25","author":"AN Landau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landau, A. N., Schreyer, H. M., van Pelt, S. & Fries, P. Distributed attention is implemented through theta-rhythmic gamma modulation. Curr. Biol. 25, 2332\u20132337 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13335","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13335","volume":"56","author":"J Sassenhagen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sassenhagen, J. & Draschkow, D. Cluster-based permutation tests of MEG\/EEG data do not establish significance of effect latency or location. Psychophysiology 56, e13335 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"48576_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02512476","volume":"32","author":"MS H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"1994","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M. S. & Ilmoniemi, R. J. Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: minimum norm estimates. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 32, 35\u201342 (1994).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"48576_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.254","volume":"128","author":"M Seeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seeck, M. et al. The standardized EEG electrode array of the IFCN. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 2070\u20132077 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.8.768","volume":"7","author":"C B\u00fcchel","year":"1997","unstructured":"B\u00fcchel, C. & Friston, K. J. Modulation of connectivity in visual pathways by attention: cortical interactions evaluated with structural equation modelling and fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 7, 768\u2013778 (1997).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"48576_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052","volume":"28","author":"RT Born","year":"2005","unstructured":"Born, R. T. & Bradley, D. C. Structure and function of visual area MT. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 157\u2013189 (2005).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2619","volume":"10","author":"JJ Nassi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nassi, J. J. & Callaway, E. M. Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 360\u2013372 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015","volume":"45","author":"J Blackmore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blackmore, J., Shrivastava, S., Sallet, J., Butler, C. R. & Cleveland, R. O. Ultrasound neuromodulation: a review of results, mechanisms and safety. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 45, 1509\u20131536 (2019).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaksin, M., Kimmel, E. & Shoham, S. Cell-type-selective effects of intramembrane cavitation as a unifying theoretical framework for ultrasonic neuromodulation. eNeuro 3, eneuro.0136\u201315.2016 (2016).","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0136-15.2016"},{"key":"48576_CR90","first-page":"011004","volume":"4","author":"M Plaksin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plaksin, M., Shoham, S. & Kimmel, E. Intramembrane cavitation as a predictive bio-piezoelectric mechanism for ultrasonic brain stimulation. Phys. Rev. X 4, 011004 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"48576_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5614","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719433115","volume":"115","author":"G Spyropoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spyropoulos, G., Bosman, C. A. & Fries, P. A theta rhythm in macaque visual cortex and its attentional modulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E5614\u2013E5623 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"48576_CR92","first-page":"1527","volume":"13","author":"V Braun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braun, V., Blackmore, J., Cleveland, R. O. & Butler, C. R. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation in humans is associated with an auditory confound that can be effectively masked. Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation 13, 1527\u20131534 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"48576_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.010","volume":"1104","author":"E Kirmizi-Alsan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirmizi-Alsan, E. et al. Comparative analysis of event-related potentials during Go\/NoGo and CPT: decomposition of electrophysiological markers of response inhibition and sustained attention. Brain Res. 1104, 114\u2013128 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"48576_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2018.10.004","volume":"8","author":"X Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu, X., Yu, K. & He, B. On the neuromodulatory pathways of the in vivo brain by means of transcranial focused ultrasound. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng. 8, 61\u201369 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"48576_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.03.005","volume":"12","author":"M Mohammadjavadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadjavadi, M. et al. Elimination of peripheral auditory pathway activation does not affect motor responses from ultrasound neuromodulation. Brain Stimul. 12, 901\u2013910 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"48576_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.04.036","volume":"98","author":"H Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, H. et al. Ultrasound produces extensive brain activation via a cochlear pathway. Neuron 98, 1020\u20131030.e4 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.009","volume":"98","author":"T Sato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sato, T., Shapiro, M. G. & Tsao, D. Y. Ultrasonic neuromodulation causes widespread cortical activation via an indirect auditory mechanism. Neuron 98, 1031\u20131041.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.033","volume":"181","author":"MS Beauchamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beauchamp, M. S. et al. Dynamic stimulation of visual cortex produces form vision in sighted and blind humans. Cell 181, 774\u2013783.e5 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"48576_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp094","volume":"20","author":"HM Morgan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morgan, H. M. et al. Neural signatures of stimulus features in visual working memory\u2014a spatiotemporal approach. Cereb. Cortex 20, 187\u2013197 (2010).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"48576_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23083","volume":"6","author":"M Balconi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balconi, M. & Vanutelli, M. E. Hemodynamic (fNIRS) and EEG (N200) correlates of emotional inter-species interactions modulated by visual and auditory stimulation. Sci. Rep. 6, 23083 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"48576_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-14","volume":"6","author":"IS Karanasiou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karanasiou, I. S. et al. Mismatch task conditions and error related ERPs. Behav. Brain Funct. 6, 14 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"48576_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x","volume":"45","author":"JR Folstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Folstein, J. R. & Van Petten, C. Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review. Psychophysiology 45, 152\u2013170 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"48576_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","volume":"118","author":"J Polich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polich, J. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2128\u20132148 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"48576_CR104","first-page":"75","volume":"16","author":"SN Yaakub","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yaakub, S. N. et al. Pseudo-CTs from T1-weighted MRI for planning of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation: an open-source tool. Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation 16, 75\u201378 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"48576_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kansy, K. et al. LOCALITE\u2014a frameless neuronavigation system for interventional magnetic resonance imaging systems. in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2014MICCAI\u201999 (eds. Taylor, C. & Colchester, A.) 832\u2013841 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1999).","DOI":"10.1007\/10704282_90"},{"key":"48576_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","volume":"51","author":"J Peirce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peirce, J. et al. PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behav. Res. Methods 51, 195\u2013203 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"48576_CR107","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011)."},{"key":"48576_CR108","unstructured":"Van Rossum, G. & Drake, F. Python 3 Reference Manual. (CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA, 2009)."},{"key":"48576_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.027","volume":"86","author":"A Gramfort","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. et al. MNE software for processing MEG and EEG data. NeuroImage 86, 446\u2013460 (2014).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720163","volume":"37","author":"TP Jung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jung, T. P. et al. Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology 37, 163\u2013178 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"48576_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jas, M., Engemann, D., Raimondo, F., Bekhti, Y. & Gramfort, A. Automated rejection and repair of bad trials in MEG\/EEG. in 2016 International Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Neuroimaging (PRNI) 1\u20134 (IEEE, Trento, Italy, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/PRNI.2016.7552336"},{"key":"48576_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.030","volume":"159","author":"M Jas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jas, M., Engemann, D. A., Bekhti, Y., Raimondo, F. & Gramfort, A. Autoreject: automated artifact rejection for MEG and EEG data. NeuroImage 159, 417\u2013429 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"48576_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232100","volume":"15","author":"JM Houck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houck, J. M. & Claus, E. D. A comparison of automated and manual co-registration for magnetoencephalography. PLoS ONE 15, e0232100 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"48576_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00722.1997","volume":"17","author":"C Tallon-Baudry","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tallon-Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Delpuech, C. & Pernier, J. Oscillatory \u03b3-Band (30\u201370 Hz) activity induced by a visual search task in humans. J. Neurosci. 17, 722\u2013734 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"48576_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris, E. & Oostenveld, R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods 164, 177\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"48576_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mramba, L. K. et al. Detecting potential outliers in longitudinal data with time-dependent covariates. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-023-01393\u22126 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01393\u22126"},{"key":"48576_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31007-x","volume":"13","author":"H Vo\u00df","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vo\u00df, H. et al. HarmonizR enables data harmonization across independent proteomic datasets with appropriate handling of missing values. Nat. Commun. 13, 3523 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"48576_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06651-y","volume":"623","author":"J Klein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein, J. et al. Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling. Nature 623, 139\u2013148 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"48576_CR119","unstructured":"Rosenmai, P. Using the median absolute deviation to find outliers. Eureka Statistics. https:\/\/eurekastatistics.com\/using-the-median-absolute-deviation-to-find-outliers\/ (2013)."},{"key":"48576_CR120","unstructured":"Seltman, H. in Experimental Design and Analysis. 357\u2013358 (Pittsburgh, PA, 2009)."},{"key":"48576_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.10.030","volume":"110","author":"Z Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Z. et al. Beyond t test and ANOVA: applications of mixed-effects models for more rigorous statistical analysis in neuroscience research. Neuron 110, 21\u201335 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"48576_CR122","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) (2023)."},{"key":"48576_CR123","unstructured":"Bates, D. et al. lme4: linear mixed-effects models using \u2018Eigen\u2019 and S4. https:\/\/github.com\/lme4\/lme4\/ (2023)."},{"key":"48576_CR124","unstructured":"Hothorn, T. et al. multcomp: simultaneous inference in general parametric models. http:\/\/multcomp.R-forge.R-project.org (2023)."},{"key":"48576_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2006.05.021","volume":"51","author":"H Jacqmin-Gadda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Sibillot, S., Proust, C., Molina, J.-M. & Thi\u00e9baut, R. Robustness of the linear mixed model to misspecified error distribution. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 51, 5142\u20135154 (2007).","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"48576_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13434","volume":"11","author":"H Schielzeth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schielzeth, H. et al. Robustness of linear mixed-effects models to violations of distributional assumptions. Methods Ecol. Evol. 11, 1141\u20131152 (2020).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"48576_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.1561","volume":"12","author":"H-T Thai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thai, H.-T., Mentr\u00e9, F., Holford, N. H. G., Veyrat-Follet, C. & Comets, E. A comparison of bootstrap approaches for estimating uncertainty of parameters in linear mixed-effects models. Pharm. Stat. 12, 129\u2013140 (2013).","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat."},{"key":"48576_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","volume":"50","author":"T Hothorn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. & Westfall, P. Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom. J. 50, 346\u2013363 (2008).","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"48576_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.025","volume":"47","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, C., Yu, K., Niu, X. & He, B. Transcranial focused ultrasound enhances sensory discrimination capability through somatosensory cortical excitation. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 47, 1356\u20131366 (2021).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"48576_CR130","unstructured":"Lin, Y. et al. Syntactic annotations for the Google Books NGram Corpus. in: Proceedings of the ACL 2012 System Demonstrations. 169\u2013174 (Association for Computational Linguistics, Jeju Island, Korea, 2012)."},{"key":"48576_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosnoff, J., Yu, K. & He, B. tFUS-EEG-BCI mVEP speller dataset for \u2018Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to V5 Enhances Human Visual Motion Brain-Computer Interface by Modulating Feature-Based Attention\u2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.25583334.v1 (2024).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.25583334.v1"},{"key":"48576_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosnoff, J., Yu, K. & He, B. tFUS-mVEPBCI-Analysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.10969062 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.10969062"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48576-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48576-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48576-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T06:04:47Z","timestamp":1718085887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-48576-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-48576-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.09.04.556252","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"B.H. and K.Y. are co-inventors of a pending US patent application (Applicant: Carnegie Mellon University; Inventors: Bin He and Kai Yu; Application No: 18\/553,901; Status: Pending; Specific aspect: tFUS and electrophysiological source imaging). J.K. and C.L. have no competing interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4382"}}