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However, the influence of maternal factors on the neonatal microbiota remains obscure. Herein, our observations suggest that the neonatal microbiotas, particularly the buccal microbiota, change rapidly within 24\u201348\u2009h of birth but begin to stabilize by 48\u201372\u2009h after parturition. Network analysis clustered over 200 maternal factors into thirteen distinct groups, and most associated factors were in the same group. Multiple maternal factor groups were associated with the neonatal buccal, rectal, and stool microbiotas. Particularly, a higher maternal inflammatory state and a lower maternal socioeconomic position were associated with a higher alpha diversity of the neonatal buccal microbiota\u00a0and beta diversity of the neonatal stool microbiota was influenced by maternal diet and cesarean\u00a0section by 24\u201372\u2009h postpartum. 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The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Participants were enrolled in the Multi-Omic Microbiome Study: Pregnancy Initiative (MOMS-PI) and the Vaginal Human Microbiome Project under the umbrella of the National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project (\n                      \n                      ). Women were enrolled in women\u2019s clinics associated with the Virginia Commonwealth University Health Center. Study protocols were approved by the Virginia Commonwealth University institutional review board under protocols IRB# HM12169 or HM15527. Written informed consent or parental permission and assent were provided by participants or minors older than 15 years, respectively. Exclusion criteria included women incapable of understanding the informed consent or assent forms or who were incarcerated. 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