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Here, periodic EEG power features and aperiodic components were examined from longitudinal EEGs collected from 592 healthy 2\u201344 month-old infants, revealing age-dependent nonlinear changes suggestive of distinct milestones in early brain maturation. Developmental changes in periodic peaks include (1) the presence and then absence of a 9-10\u2009Hz alpha peak between 2-6 months, (2) nonlinear changes in high beta peaks (20-30\u2009Hz) between 4-18 months, and (3) the emergence of a low beta peak (12-20\u2009Hz) in some infants after six months of age. We hypothesized that the emergence of the low beta peak may reflect maturation of thalamocortical network development. Infant anesthesia studies observe that GABA-modulating anesthetics do not induce thalamocortical mediated frontal alpha coherence until 10-12 months of age. Using a small cohort of infants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200923) with EEG before and during GABA-modulating anesthesia, we provide preliminary evidence that infants with a low beta peak have higher anesthesia-induced alpha coherence compared to those without a low beta peak.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50204-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T06:01:52Z","timestamp":1720591312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Developmental trajectories of EEG aperiodic and periodic components in children 2\u201344 months of age"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4694-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol L.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Yankowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry Y.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5077-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff L.","family":"Rhoades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Shinnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Purdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"50204_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"387","author":"PR Huttenlocher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huttenlocher, P. 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